Wife's employment and family expenditures

Data from the 1980–81 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used to examine the influence of wife's employment on spending on non-durable goods and time-saving services. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, except for personal care services, expenditure levels differed between working-wife and non-working-wife families. Other independent variables, however, were more influential in determining expenditure than was wife's employment status.     

The USERRA: Workers' employment rights following military service

Federal law requires employers to reinstate workers who are called to active military duty. Exceptions are few and the burden of proof falls on the employer.     

Spatial spillovers and employment growth in the service sector

This article examines the impact of local knowledge spillovers on employment growth in the service sector at both the theoretical and empirical level. It is argued that, in addition to life cycle and tradability effects, spillovers in services are likely to be strongly influenced by distinctive service characteristics and labour-related factors, which impact on the channels through which spillovers are transmitted. Empirical models of employment growth suggest significant differences in spillover effects between industry and services and across public, private, business and personal services. In particular, many services appear to benefit from spillovers arising from a diverse local economy.     

Impact of positioning strategies on service firm performance

This research examines the application of positioning strategies of retail service firms in Texas. Four in-depth qualitative case studies and covert observation methods provide candid subterranean insight into retail positioning in a dynamic marketplace. “Branding”, “service”, “value for money” and, to a lesser extent, “reliability” and “attractiveness” positioning strategies emerge as the most dominant positioning strategies, although emphasis placed on each varies from firm to firm. Furthermore, all of the firms achieve acceptable sales and favorable consumer perceptions when employing these positioning strategies. Desired profits, return on investment (ROI), and market share are associated with these positioning strategies although not as “sales” and favorable “consumers' perceptions”. The results further show that the pursuit of multiple positioning strategies relates to multiple performance indicators. The paper concludes by providing normative suggestions and discussing theoretical and managerial implications.     

Extent and distribution of unregistered employment in the service industries in Europe

ABSTRACT

Although a voluminous literature exists on the prevalence of the informal economy, few studies evaluate unregistered employment and none its prevalence and distribution across the service industries. This paper fills that gap. Reporting a 2015 European Working Conditions Survey based on 43,850 face-to-face interviews, the finding is that 7% (1 in 14) of service industry employees have no written contract of employment across the 35 European countries surveyed, although this varies from 34% in Cyprus to 1% in Sweden. A logistic regression analysis at the European level reveals significant associations between the propensity to work with no contract and various individual-, household- and firm-related characteristics, with unregistered employment more prevalent among women, younger people, those with fewer years in education, migrants, those living in households unable to make ends meet, those working in smaller businesses, and the hospitality and household service sectors. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.     

Impact of ownership and location factors on service multinationals' internalisation

Foreign direct investment in the service sector has been gaining importance in the past decade as more countries transform themselves into post-industrialised economies. The transition from a centrally planned economy to market-based economy has generated a surge of foreign direct investment from industrialised countries to Central and Eastern European Countries. This paper examines the impact of ownership and location factors on the extent of internalisation for service multinationals seeking to enter into the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, as these countries launch their economies towards increased privatisation, deregulation, and liberalisation. Using foreign direct investment data of 76 firms during 1990–2000, we find significant support for our main hypotheses.     

Impact of service personal values on service value and customer loyalty: a cross-service industry study

This study investigates the customer’s perception of service value based on theory of personal values. A formative structural model is developed and tested using the data surveyed from three service industries in Vietnam. Results show a positive impact of service personal values on service value. Then, service value and satisfaction are proved as two mediating constructs in the impact of service personal values on customer loyalty. Satisfaction and loyalty are, thus, not only determined by the supplier’s service itself, but also the customer’s personal values. This consolidates the value co-creation perspective rather than the traditional value exchange in service research.     

Redesigning after-sales service: Impact on incumbent product distribution channels

With the growth of multi-channel retailing, many firms that have traditionally relied upon third-party service providers to offer after-sales service (AS) have introduced direct AS channel. While there exist a few studies that examine the effects of adding a direct sales channel on the sales revenue of incumbent channels, there are no studies investigating the effects of adding direct AS channel. This study tries to fill this research gap by exploring cross-channel effects of including AS through the firm's direct brand stores on performance (i.e., revenue, assortment width, and extent of upselling) in both direct and indirect channels. A matched difference-in-difference quasi-experimental design was used to compare the sales outcomes of test and control groups using a five-year longitudinal dataset from a large dual-channel consumer durables firm. Results reveal that providing AS through the firm's direct channel has a positive significant effect on the revenue and upselling in the indirect channel, but no significant impact on assortment width in the indirect channel. However, unlike hypothesized, it results in significantly lower revenue, assortment width, and upselling in the direct channel. We interpret these negative effects as arising from customer confusion and perceived retail crowding. Overall, our research highlights that implementation of going direct with AS should be done with utmost care. Our findings would serve as a building block for future studies that are conducted to understand the dynamic cross-channel effects of introducing direct AS, and would be useful for drawing comparisons and contrasts.     

Impact of training on improving service quality in small provincial restaurants

The objective of this study was to show how the training of service employees contributes to enhancing the customer’s service experience in the context of small, family-owned provincial restaurants. This type of restaurant is particularly relevant to the regional employment and economy in Mexico’s countryside. However, as the human resources that are available are generally limited, training becomes relevant to develop proper service skills and customer orientation. The effectiveness of training in the improvement of service quality was evident after the comparison of measures of service quality and perceived price before and after service-employees completed the training.     

Impact of actual service provider failure on the satisfaction with aggregator

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of the failure caused by the actual service provider on consumer satisfaction with the aggregator firm, where the aggregator firm works as a bridge between the consumers and the actual service providers using technology, resources, information etc., thus reducing the information search cost, process-related costs, and quality risks for the consumers. We have applied retrospective experience sampling to collect data and used structural equation modeling to validate the conceptual model of the study. We found that people consider the actual service provider’s failure as the aggregator firm’s responsibility when the attributional factors (control and stability) are strong. Moreover, when consumers perceive that the aggregator firm is responsible, they will ask for less punishment of the actual service provider and more monetary compensation. Additionally, severity of the failure increases the consumer’s recovery expectations. However, the sense of power of the consumers leads to increasing expectations of punishment of actual service provider and decreasing expectations of monetary compensation. Lastly, the actual monetary compensation or actual punishment of the service provider leads to higher level of satisfaction for the consumers. We discussed the implications of the results in the light of relationship management and service recovery design of aggregator firms.     

Novelty and new firm performance: The case of employment systems in knowledge-intensive service organizations

This paper investigates a question at the core of entrepreneurship research: how does novelty affect new venture performance? We address this question for a type of factor-market innovation deemed critical in the contemporary economy: novelty in employment systems. Our longitudinal study of new firms in a knowledge-intensive service industry shows that the relationship between employment-system novelty and organizational productivity is curvilinear and U-shaped. We also find suggestive evidence that new firms with employment systems exhibiting discrepant degrees of novelty (i.e., combinations of highly conforming and highly novel practices) are less productive than those with coherent employment systems.     

Perceived justice of service recovery strategies: Impact on customer satisfaction and quality relationship

This article aims to build on previous research analyzing the effects of perceived justice on customers' satisfaction with service recovery and the attitudinal consequences of the recovery strategies firms adopt after service failures occur. The results obtained from a conceptual model developed for the mobile‐phone sector support the idea that justice perceptions positively influence satisfaction with service recovery. Other findings are that satisfaction with service recovery positively affects trust and commitment, and that these two variables, in turn, positively affect overall customer satisfaction. Finally, the results also suggest that positive past experiences mitigate the effects of inadequate service recovery strategies on the quality of the relationship with the customers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Informal employment in service industries: estimations from nationally representative Labour Force Survey data of Russian Federation

ABSTRACT

As the largest post-Soviet transition economy with substantial labour immigration and a considerable informal-sector Russia serves as an interesting case to study informal employment in the service and non-service economic sectors. The study fills the gap of the lack of empirical papers grounded on the reliable massive individual data. This article discusses almost twenty years’ dynamics of informal employment rates within the service and non-service industries based on the nationally representative Labour Force Survey primary data, collected quarterly for 2010–2015 with a sample size of about 200 thousand respondents per quarter. The unexpected finding is that the rate of informal employment is higher in non-service economic activities. Informal workers in the service sector in Russia are typically male, not very young, without tertiary education, living in urban areas. The paper also provides a comparative regression analysis on the probability of being informally employed in the service and non-service sectors.     

外商直接投资对促进区域劳动力就业的贡献分析

本文利用1979-2008年的年度数据,对改革开放以来广东省实际利用外商直接投资(FDI)与就业增长之间的关系进行了实证研究.结果表明,FDI与就业增长之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系,FDI每增长1%,长期来看将带动就业增加0.0912%.文章还利用误差修正模型,分析了FDI与就业增长之间的短期波动及其调整机制,发现FDI对就业增长的影响具有滞后性,而且存在长期吸纳效应和短期挤出效应并存的现象.     

The effect of phosphate detergent bans on consumer clothing expenditures

Metropolitan sales data from the 1977 Census of Retail Trade were analysed to test whether phosphate detergent bans increased consumer expenditure on clothing: positive effects were found for men's clothing and domestic fabrics (sheets and towels). In areas with medium water hardness the average annual cost in 1977 equalled $11·08 per household. For 1984, the equivalent cost was $14·17 per household. These results are consistent with laboratory studies that show decreased detergency associated with non-phosphate detergents and increased fabric wear associated with carbonate-built detergents, the principle substitute for phosphate detergents. The bans impose the largest cost on hard water areas. In both ban and non-ban areas in 1977 higher laundering costs were associated with higher water hardness. Analysis of 1972 data indicated that water hardness did not affect clothing expenditures significantly when detergents contained large amounts of phosphates.     

Impact of assertive and defensive impression management tactics on recruiter evaluation: The case of post-failure entrepreneurs in employment interviews

This study investigates how human-resource professionals examine, during a job interview, the application of post-bankruptcy entrepreneurs seeking to rebound as salaried workers. We assume that the way candidates talk about their failure (impression management tactics—IM) impacts the assessment of the recruiter. Thanks to an experimental methodology we compare the impact of three distinct IM tactics on the assessment of the hiring manager (a defensive IM tactic based on excuses, a defensive IM tactic based on justification, and an assertive IM tactic). We demonstrate that recruiters are more inclined to recruit the post-bankruptcy entrepreneur if the candidate has been able to turn the ordeal into an element of self-valorization.     

Integration of standardization and customization: Impact on service quality,customer satisfaction,and loyalty

The basic objective of this study is to analyse the direct and indirect impacts of standardization and customization on customer satisfaction and loyalty through service quality. The service quality has two dimensions: technical quality and functional quality. A framework is developed by extending Grӧnroos’ model of service quality by including the antecedents of service quality. A questionnaire-based survey collected data from 315 customers of three service industries: healthcare, hospitality, and education. The data was analysed and the model validated using PLS-SEM. The findings show that: (1) integration of standardization and customization of service offerings is critical for improved service quality; (2) standardization has higher impact on service quality when compared to customization; (3) functional quality has higher impact on customer satisfaction when compared to technical quality; and (4) customer satisfaction has a significant effect on customer loyalty. The contribution of this study is the development of an integrated framework to analyse the roles of standardization and customization on service quality.     

美国所得税税式支出管理经验与借鉴

一、美国所得税税式支出管理的具体做法 (一)个人所得税 美国个人所得税方面与投资有关的税式支出有:投资的税款抵免、加速折旧,资本收入不予计列,部分债券免税,人寿保险储蓄利息不予计列,净利息的扣除。股息与利息的税款抵免。与住房有关的税式支出有:抵押贷款利息的扣除,财产税的扣除,出售住房的资本收益。养老金、受益与保险方面的     

浅议对外投资的扩大对就业的影响

加入WTO后，我国对外开放正进入一个新的发展阶段。其中一个重要方面就是我国对外开放不仅要继续重视“引进来”而且更重视“走出去”，特别是加大对外投资的力度，我国企业的对外投资起步较晚，在改革开放后，经过20多年的发展，已经初具规模。据外经贸部的统计，截至2002年底，我国设立境外中资企业总数6960家，中外双方协议投资总额137．8亿