Population and Urbanization Trends in Post-war Japan

This paper analyses the population change and urbanization process in post-war Japan. We trace the process of population concentration into urban areas, in parallel with economic development after the war. The concentration of population into urban areas can be characterized by three major metropolitan regions: Tokyo, Keihanshin (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe) and Nagoya. We also show that the urbanization process of Japan in the period from 1965 to 1985 can be characterized by two spatial phenomena; firstly, the suburbanization of the existing metropolitan areas and, secondly, the spatial dispersal of urbanized areas.     

Labour Market Adjustment to Indonesia's Economic Crisis: Context,Trends and Implications

This paper focuses on labour market adjustment during the economic crisis of 1997–98. It shows how labour processes help explain better outcomes for the poor than were initially predicted. The Indonesian experience is viewed in a framework that contrasts two extreme models: a Keynesian world of rigid real wages, and a neoclassical situation of flexible adjustment to economic shocks. It was found that the Indonesian case is more consistent with the neoclassical than the Keynesian model, despite the tendency for greater government intervention in labour markets before the crisis. The paper also finds that the large change in relative prices from the exchange rate depreciation had a smaller effect than expected on employment structure. These conclusions are discussed in the context of major changes in labour markets prior to the economic crisis.     

TPP横向议题与下一代贸易规则及其对中国的影响

横向议题是TPP谈判重点,也呈现出下一代贸易规则改革的未来走向。规则一致、国有企业、电子商务、竞争和供应链、中小企业为当前TPP五大横向议题,因特网数据自由流动、劳工标准和环境等问题是候补议题。TPP横向议题凸现同贸易环境变动、供应链基础滞后、美国积极干预等因素有关,美国重视TPP横向议题,旨在利用TPP解决下一代贸易规则问题,使之成为未来FTA条款样板。笔者认为,TPP横向议题已经突破了一般贸易议题内涵,向社会领域、边界后规则等国内法制法规方向转移,可能成为引领下一代贸易规则的标杆。尽管中国目前没有参与TPP谈判,但是横向议题对中国亚太一体化战略和措施影响重大,对我国现行政治社会体制是一个潜在的威胁,需慎重处之。     

Population and Urbanization Trends in Post‐war Japan

This paper analyses the population change and urbanization process in post‐war Japan. We trace the process of population concentration into urban areas, in parallel with economic development after the war. The concentration of population into urban areas can be characterized by three major metropolitan regions: Tokyo, Keihanshin (Kyoto‐Osaka‐Kobe) and Nagoya. We also show that the urbanization process of Japan in the period from 1965 to 1985 can be characterized by two spatial phenomena; firstly, the suburbanization of the existing metropolitan areas and, secondly, the spatial dispersal of urbanized areas.     

全球化与中国国内劳动力流动：新趋势与政策含义

“民工荒”现象是中国加入WTO之后出口高速增长和新一轮经济增长共同作用的结果。流动格局的新变化是劳动力市场对全球化条件下中国经济重心转移所做出的反应。这种现象不仅标志着中国农村剩余劳动力由无限供给向有限剩余过渡，而且也说明需要利用全国劳动力市场来解决当前的结构性和区域性问题。加快产业结构调整和转移也在很大程度上取决于劳动力市场发育状况，为此，我们需要深化户籍制度改革．加强劳动力市场体系建设．提高中国劳动力市场的流动性及其效率。     

中国人口老龄化变化趋势及完善养老保险体制的研究

本文利用全国人口普查和经常性统计的有关资料,在不同的人口政策目标参数假设下,根据中国人口预测系统（CPPS）和人口生命表对今后45年中国人口老龄化的变化趋势进行了分析和预测。根据预测结果,通过较全面系统地分析中国社会养老保险体制的现状,指出了其存在的问题,特别是在中国人口老龄化快速发展趋势冲击下已经出现及可能出现的问题。在此基础上,提出了几点具有可操作性的改革和完善养老保险体制、退休及人口生育等方面的政策建议。     

朋辈咨询员视角下高校朋辈心理咨询研究

朋辈心理咨询为大学生心理健康教育的发展提供了一个新的途径.研究表明,当前并没有很好解决诸如心理咨询员的筛查、保密性工作、咨询与方法技巧的掌握以及朋辈心理咨询的实效性问题.因此,建立朋辈心理咨询员的筛查与培训制度,同时专业教师做好心理咨询员的疏导与督导工作成为今后的发展趋向.     

以科学发展观为统领统筹解决人口问题

统筹解决人口问题必须做到认识到位,责任到位,措施到住,投入到位.建立全方位的宣传服务机制、利益导向机制、优质服务相结合,以优质服务为主的人口与计划生育工作机制、构建综合治理人口问题的长效工作机制.要强化服务意识、忧患意识、民生意识、学习意识、能力意识.只有这样,才能实现人口与经济社会资源的良性互动.     

Trends in relative earnings gains by black women: Implications for the future

The current article argues that the labor pattern of black women may be properly viewed within a trisectoral segmentation of the labor market. A three-phase characterization of their relative earnings behavior over the postwar period is implied. Empirical evidence lends support to the basic hypothesis of an acceleration in black female earnings growth, relative to white males and females, during the intermediate post-1964 period, but a decline thereafter. The quadratic trend model and its logistic transformation were found to fit the earnings patterns rather well. Projections based upon these models suggest that present trends do not bode well for major gains in black female median earnings relative to those of white men and women in the near future.     

Trends,Countertrends, and Gaps in Women's Employment

The factors driving global integration, namely, trade expansion, technological change, and the internationalization of production have altered production patterns and changed the composition of output in both developed and developing countries. As global patterns and modes of production have changed there has been a general shift away from agriculture toward industry and services. Along with these output changes have come significant changes in regional and national employment. In developing and developed countries, these changes span divergent trends. On the one hand, there is the increased availability of more and better quality employment as workers shift out of agriculture and subsistence production and into waged employment in the expanding manufacturing and service sectors. On the other hand, there have been sectors where the trend has been away from formalization toward the informalization and semi-formalization of production activities and employment practices. Women have generally benefited from improvements in the world economy. This article demonstrates, however, that patterns of employment and income generation among women often diverge, however, from global trends in important ways that suggest that the forces shaping global integration effect women differently. The article frames a policy discussion that the International Center for Research on Women led to debate the implications of recent trends in women's employment in the developing and developed world. The six articles in this section represent this discussion. They span a range of empirical and theoretical inquiry, exploring global employment trends and highlighting changes in women's participation in formal and informal economic activities.