Bringing the real world into economic analyses of land use value: Incorporating spatial complexity

The paper reviews recent developments in the incorporation of real-world spatial issues into the economic appraisal of land use change. The opening discussion introduces non-economists to the concepts underpinning the approach. The remainder of the paper uses a case study approach (concerning potential conversions from agriculture into multi-purpose woodland) to illustrate the quantification and valuation of land use change. The application of geographical information system (GIS) routines allows spatial complexity to be incorporated within the analysis. Key concepts are introduced such as making allowance for subsidies, the marginal value concept, and the valuation of non-market externalities such as carbon storage of open-access recreation. The case study also shows that, if issues such as spatial variation and externalities are ignored, sole reliance upon market prices can lead to perverse outcomes which are actually to the detriment of society.     

Impacts of risk aversion on whole-farm management in Syria

This article reports on a study of the impact of risk on farm management practices in northern Syria, focusing particularly on how these are affected by risk aversion and farm size. The study is based on production data from an eight-year field trial and on prices from market surveys. A large linear programming model is built, representing the eight years as observations from a discrete probability distribution. Risk aversion is modelled by inclusion of a utility function with constant relative risk aversion, represented using the DEMP/UEP approach.     

Incorporating biological regeneration into economic assessments of mining in forest regions

Assessments of the economic, environmental and social consequences of mining have usually produced an estimate of the commercial benefits that mining in the area would generate, with environmental costs being examined in physical terms only. A theoretical framework for calculating the threshold environmental value of an area (the minimum size of the environmental cost of mining required to make conservation the socially optimal choice) is developed, where both the potential mining benefits and the rate of biological regrowth following mine rehabilitation are known. Including the rate of biological regrowth allows for the calculation of a more meaningful figure, as the benefits generated by rehabilitation are explicitly considered.     

Stages and determinants of fertilizer use in semiarid African agriculture: the Niger experience

Fertilization is a stepwise decision in Niger. Survey data from a representative sample of 100 households were utilized with individual and joint estimation to evaluate the determinants of fertilizer use at its three different stages: manure alone and two different types of inorganic fertilizer application. The fertilizer price relative to the millet price was always a highly significant determinant of fertilizer adoption. Farmers' experience in seeing the results of fertilization in the field was a principal factor influencing the use of manure and of the micro‐fertilization. Other studies in semiarid regions have emphasized risk, liquidity, or fertilizer responsiveness under harsh conditions but the shift to the micro doses of inorganic fertilizer was statistically associated here with the demonstration trials and the price ratios (fertilizer/millet). A variable reflecting the millet price recovery approximately 6 months after harvest was the most important factor in the decision to raise further inorganic fertilizer use with side dressing. Policy implications were focused on the importance of demonstration trials and improvements in the economic conditions (millet–fertilizer price ratios).     

广西北部湾经济区城市土地集约利用研究

对广西北部湾经济区城市土地集约利用研究有助于实现土地的合理利用和可持续高效利用;在综合考虑城市土地资源集约利用的内涵和指标选取原则的基础上,从城市土地集约利用的的条件基础、土地投入强度、土地利用程度、土地利用效益、土地集约利用发展趋势等5个方面构建广西北部湾经济区城市土地集约利用评价指标体系,运用综合评价法和障碍因子分析法,对城市土地集约利用水平进行综合测度,结果为广西湾经济区城市土地集约利用水平低,为低度利用,其中主要的制约因素前3住为城市人口与用地弹性系数、固定资产投资额与用地弹胜系数、地均年固定资产投资额。     

Conflicts in land use in Zimbabwe: Political, economic and environmental perspectives

Major conflicts have developed between and within the two main farming systems in Zimbabwe, especially over the past thirty or so years. Since independence in 1980 policies have favoured expropriation of land from commercial farms to resettle peasant farmers as a means of relieving ‘land hunger’ in the peasant sector. This article argues that that is a very simplistic view of current land-use problems, and that resettlement programmes are only a partial solution to the immense problems within the peasant sector. These are the product of a complex history of development incorporating political, economic and environmental issues. The article outlines the main features of this development so that a more balanced perspective on current problems can be achieved and so that more appropriate strategies to tackle the problems can be devised.     

红枫湖沿岸土地利用变化与生态风险评估

本文以喀斯特地区典型高原湖泊-红枫湖为研究对象,依据景观生态学及生态风险评价等相关理论,综合运用“3S”技术、野外调查验证和生态风险评价及格局优化等技术手段,从土地利用变化演变及景观尺度上就红枫湖湖岸周围的生态风险进行探讨,定量分析湖岸周围格局演变及生态风险变化特征,针对性地提出湖岸周围格局优化的调控措施。本文对丰富喀斯特地区高原湖区景观生态格局及风险评价的研究内容、指导红枫湖流域及类似高原湖泊流域的生态环境保护及恢复、促进区域可持续发展具有一定的理论价值和实践意义。     

卵形鲳鲶深水网箱养殖风险对策分析

论文从卵形鲳鲶的生态习性和养殖、病害防治、市场风险及经济效益等几方面提出深水网箱养殖的风险对策,准确把握市场供求信息。经试验表明,过高的放养密度不利于卵形鲳鲹的生长,并县会增加养殖成本,以40～60尾／m^3的养殖密度为宜,50尾／m^3的利润最好,达170．057元／m笔者儿年跟踪海南特定深水网箱养殖合作社统计的数据得出,卵形鲳鲹在投苗规格基本一样的情况下,养成成活率相差不大,其利润率与销售价格正相关。实现卵形鲳鳕环境友好划、高效健康的养殖搜提高产品附加值足利润最终提升的根本。     

Antitrust economic analysis in food marketing channels: a global perspective

Antitrust enforcement concerning monopolies, mergers, and cartels is converging across all market‐oriented economies in the world. This convergence is based upon neoclassical economic analysis of industrial organization. The role of empirical economic analysis, however, has not converged as rapidly as the conceptual model because different countries have different enforcement institutions and strategies. This article explains how antitrust enforcement has evolved over time from public agencies to a market for enforcement that admits private parties. Private party law suits, and especially class action law suits on behalf of groups such as farmers and consumers, is a mechanism for redressing the often superior legal and economic resources that defendant corporations have and public agencies do not have. Enforcement and the role of empirical analysis are compared in the United States and other countries. Examples of enforcement from different countries illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. Finally, some insights explain how economists function in enforcement and the attributes required for success.     

海水养殖业环境负外部性经济学初析

我国是世界第一海水养殖大国，海水养殖业近几年来得到了迅猛的发展，但同时也严重地影响了周围的海洋环境。本文在简要介绍传统经济学外部性理论的基础上，分析了海水养殖业的环境负外部性的表现及其环境负外部性引起资源配置经济的低效率，初步探讨了解决或减少其负外部性的对策和思路。     

快速经济发展下县级土地利用/覆被空间变化分析

土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)是人类活动对自然环境施加影响的显著表现形式。本文以案例的形式,运用LUCC度量模型和LUCC转移矩阵分析研究区清新县2001-2007年的LUCC空间格局变化,并对全县土地利用/覆被进行了分区。研究结果表明,清新县2001-2007年面积增加最多的为林地,而减小最多的为耕地,期间全县综合土地利用/覆被动态度为2.77%、土地利用/覆被强度从2.163增至2.172;同时,清新县土地利用/覆被存在着较为明显的空间差异,全县土地利用/覆被区划可分为南部综合服务中心区、中部产业转移区和北部生态脆弱区三个功能区。     

经济高速发展时期河南省土地利用变化分析研究

以河南省为研究区,对不同年份的土地利用数据进行分类系统整合,在此基础上,对河南省1996~2009年土地利用类型进行了对比分析,分析得出耕地、城镇村及工矿用地、林地、交通运输用地面积在增加,园地、草地、水域及水利设施用地、其它土地面积在减少,在各类土地类型转换中,林地是变化最为激烈的土地利用类型,其次是其它土地,变化最稳定的地类是交通运输用地,其次是耕地。     

Social and economic drivers of land use change in the British space economy

This paper considers factors influencing change that will affect future working patterns and practices, leisure time, employment levels and influential sectors within a 50-year time horizon (2010–2060). The main section of this paper sketches out the drivers (demographics, technology, industry and employment) and their implications for the future of work, employment, and leisure, whilst the next section draws together the implications and underlines the likely impact on land use. Finally, some more radical and non-normative, non-trend, events are introduced as a test of the robustness of the discussion.     

硬骨鱼血细胞发生的研究进展及经济前景分析

本文对硬骨鱼血细胞发生的有关研究进展及经济前景作一综合阐述。旨为提供有关硬骨鱼类血细胞发育形态方面的资料,以期为淡水养殖的硬骨鱼类有关血液学的深入研究和制定鱼类最佳免疫时间和途径,有效控制疾病,减少经济损失,提供有价值的参数。     

我国区域海洋经济技术效率实证研究

本文利用沿海省市海洋GDP面板数据,运用随机前沿分析方法SFA,对我国区域海洋经济的技术效率进行了实证分析。研究发现:1998~2008年间沿海各区域海洋经济技术效率都呈上升趋势,但仍存在较大的提高空间;区域间技术效率差异与区域间海洋经济发展水平的差距相一致;上海、广东的技术效率水平较高,在地区发展中处于核心地位。根据研究结论,本文认为技术效率水平的差距成为导致区域海洋经济发展差异的重要原因之一,进而建议各地区加大海洋科研投入,提高海洋经济技术效率并充分发挥核心区域的技术辐射效应。研究的结论和建议对我国区域海洋经济的质量提升和协调发展具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

我国海洋区域经济发展水平差距分析

论文通过使用标准差、基尼系数、一阶锡尔系数（Theil熵）分解、崔一王指数等方法,对我国海洋区域经济发展水平的绝对差距、相对差距以及差距的地区分布和收敛性进行了定量分析。从而得出结论：自《全国海洋经济规划纲要》实施以来,我国海洋区域经济发展水平的省际差距持续缩小,环渤海、长三角、珠三角三大经济区间的区域差距有所增大,可见,各区域海洋经济发展规划的实施对缩小我国海洋区域经济差距具有促进效用。     

围填海造地经济驱动因素的实证分析

论文从影响围填海造地资源配置的社会经济因素出发,分析了人口、投资、比较利益、政府、制度因素对围填海造地大规模增加的驱动作用,并用山东半岛围填海造地的数据进行实证分析。结果表明,在5%的显著性水平下,人口密度与围填海造地具有显著的正相关性,人口密度增加带来的对新增住房、工商业用地的需求是围填海造地的客观基础,以土地价格指数为表征的填海造地的比较利益的存在是大规模围填海造地的外部激励。最后,论文从制度、海域使用管理、海域使用配置方式等方面提出了政策建议。     

山东省产业结构的数量经济分析

运用偏离份额方法和比较劳动生产率对1980年以来山东省产业结构效益进行了定量分析,同时与辽、苏、浙、粤等东部沿海先进省份及全国的产业结构效益作了比较;结果显示,山东省产业结构渐趋合理,效益逐步提高,但与辽、苏、浙、粤等东部沿海先进省份比较,还存在一定差异,主要表现在山东省在份额分量和区域竞争力方面在5省中虽处于中等水平,但在产业结构层次及结构效果方面却不及其他4省,这将成为制约山东区域经济持续快速健康发展的重要因素;提出了优化山东产业结构的措施。     

东部沿海地区10城市社会经济指标的因子分析

对我国东部沿海地区10个城市的社会经济指标进行了因子分析,在获得主成分法初始解的基础上进行因子旋转,得到因子模型;最后通过因子得分对10个城市的经济指标进行了排序比较。