计算机教学效果改善与教学模式研究

不同的教学模型对教学效果有着不同程度的影响,在计算机教学过程中,加强计算机教学模式的分析与研究,是提高计算机教学效果的有效手段之一.本文对计算机效果模式进行了简单的介绍,并就几种常见的计算机效果模式进行了对比分析,希望对提高计算机教学效果有所启示.     

The relative importance of social responsibility in determining organizational effectiveness: Student responses

This paper investigates the relative importance of social responsibility criteria in determining organizational effectiveness. The organizational effectiveness menu was used as a questionnaire with a sample of 151 senior undergraduates. Each respondent was asked to rate the importance of the criteria from three constituent perspectives within a service organization: (1) as a manager, (2) as an investor, (3) as an employee. Later, a subsample of students (n=61) responded to the same questionnaire acting as a manager in an assigned case study. The results indicated that students acting as managers, investors, or employees rate social responsibility criteria among the least important of the determinants of organizational effectiveness. Moreover, while specific situations may call for changes in the relative importance of these criteria, social responsibility criteria were not viewed, generally, as the most important determinants of organizational effectiveness.Kenneth L. Kraft is currently an Associate Professor of Management at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, VA. His recent papers explore the relationships between strategy, structure, social responsibility, and organizational effectiveness in a variety of settings.     

The relative importance of social responsibility in determining organizational effectiveness: Student responses II

This paper, Study II, is the second in a series of papers investigating the relative importance of social responsibility criteria in determining organizational effectiveness, using student samples. A revised version of the Organizational Effectiveness Menu was used as a questionnaire with a sample of 182 senior undergraduate and the MBA students from three universities. Each respondent was asked to rate the importance of the criteria from a manager's perspective. The results support the earlier findings that students responding as managers rate social responsibility criteria, individually and collectively, among the least important of the potential determinants of organizational effectiveness.Dr. Kenneth L. Kraft is Director of Graduate studies at The University of Tampa. He has published numerous articles on Business Ethics, Organization Design, and Strategic Planning in journals such as theAcademy of Management Review, American Business Review, andJournal of Business Ethics. His current research interest centers on the measurement of moral intensity.Dr. Anusorn Singhapakdi is Assistant of Marketing at Old Dominion University. His research has been primarily in marketing/business ethics. He has published in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Macromarketing, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, as well as various other journals and proceedings.     

Dynamics of job evaluation and the dilemma of wage disparity in the United States

There is substantial evidence to indicate that women have not been compensated fairly for their work when compared to men in similar positions. This article explores the gender biases built into the job evaluation process and the role this might play in explaining the wage gap. This exploration is also based on the review of the relevant literature on both sides of the comparable worth debate. In addition, the effects of market forces and organizational values in determining both wages and job structure is investigated.Behrooz Kalantari received his Ph.D. in Political Science in 1992 with a concentration in Public Administration. He also holds a Master in Public Administration and a bachelor in Public management. Presently teaching courses in the Public Administration program at North Carolina Central University in the United States. His major area of interest is Public Personnel Administration. He is presently studying how socialization affects job segregation and wage inequity.     

Two-stage lotteries and the value of unresolved uncertainty

We study two-stage lotteries wherein, in the first stage, the consumer may be awarded a lottery ticket for some choices and, in the second stage, some of the lottery tickets win prizes. In a series of Internet experiments, we examine store choice and repeat visits in response to immediate and two-stage lottery incentives. We show that a delayed resolution of uncertainty may dramatically increase the desired response over immediate resolution. However, this effect is due to an interaction of several potentially contradictory effects. When prizes are frequent, the effectiveness of the two-stage lottery is expected to decline.     

An evaluation of the effectiveness of televised road safety messages in Ghana

The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of recent televised advertisements conducted by the National Road Safety Commission in Ghana. These concerned speeding and alcohol-impaired driving and were targeted towards commercial drivers. Focus group discussions were conducted with 50 commercial drivers in four cities. Discussions addressed coverage, clarity and appropriateness of messages, including suggestions for improvements. Most discussants indicated that the messages were clear and appropriate. Television reached all participants in this urban group. However, they felt that other modes of communication, such as flyers and radio, should also be used to reach drivers who did not own televisions. A particular problem was language. The advertisements had been in English and Akan (the most common vernacular language). Participants wanted the messages diversified into more of the major Ghanaian languages. Some participants were unclear on the behaviour that the advertisements were telling viewers to take. Participants advocated greater involvement by police in road safety and called for laws banning the sale of alcohol at bus stations. The advertisements reached and were understood by most of the target audience. Opportunities for strengthening the messages included using other media; increasing the number of languages; and stressing the change in behaviour being recommended. Overall road safety activities would be strengthened by increasing accompanying law enforcement activities related to speed and alcohol-impaired driving. To the authors' knowledge this is the first formal evaluation of a road safety social marketing programme in a low-income sub-Saharan African country. This evaluation will hopefully assist Ghana and other similar countries in strengthening road safety work.     

The planning-motivation dilemma: Limitations and advantages of setting goals

Planning affects motivation, but how it does so and what its effects are-those are more complicated questions. The needs and desires of the individual interact with characteristics of the work situation, and effective management must consider both the motives of the individual and the goals of the organization. Different approaches to goal setting, for example, can stimulate different kinds of behavior-desires for achievement, cooperation, or power. Even so, the desired effects of planning can be limited by several variables: employee motivations, administrative inconsistencies, or simplistic goals. The author concludes with an analysis of particular planning techniques-MBO and program management-which attempt to coordinate goal setting and motivation.     

Surveillance of interpersonal violence in Kingston,Jamaica: an evaluation

Injuries are among the leading causes of death in Jamaica. Homicide rates have been sharply increasing since 1991. In 1997, the rate of homicide (45/100 000) in Jamaica was over five times the US rate in 1997 (7.9/100 000). In response to this problem and the alarming increase in non-fatal assaultive injuries, the Jamaican Ministry of Health together with the CDC established a Violence-Related Injury Surveillance System (VRISS) using patient registration data from Kingston Public Hospital. The VRISS was evaluated for usefulness, and for system attributes: system acceptability, simplicity, flexibility, sensitivity, and predictive value positive (PVP). System-identified cases were compared with clinical records and data from direct patient interviews. The surveillance system was flexible, acceptable to clinical staff and Ministry officials, and moderately sensitive, detecting 62% to 69% of violent injuries identified from clinical records and a patient survey. The system's predictive value positive was high, with 86% of potential cases confirmed as actual cases. Although adequate, system sensitivity was reduced by incomplete or no registration of patients during periods of staff shortage. In conclusion, despite some logistic shortcomings, the system appeared promising for collecting limited information on non-fatal interpersonal violent injuries. With modification and expansion, the system may be capable of collecting unintentional-injury data also.     

Reducing non‐attendance at specialist clinics: an evaluation of the effectiveness and cost of patient‐focussed booking and SMS reminders at a Scottish health board

The aim of the paper is to test the effectiveness of patient‐focussed booking and last minute reminders using short message service (SMS) messages to reduce non‐attendance at consultant outpatient clinics, and to estimate their cost to the service provider per non‐attendance [did not attend (DNA)] avoided. Non‐attendance is modelled in terms of patient‐focussed booking, reminders and a variety of control variables on new and return appointments at one health board in Scotland over a 14‐month period. Patient‐focussed booking and last minute reminders reduced non‐attendance. We find patient‐focussed booking demonstrated the importance of booking appointments no more than 6 weeks in advance, and would incur recurrent costs of £6 ($9.15, €6.73) compared with the status quo, assuming the DNA rate with neither initiative were 10%. Requiring patients also to opt in would cost an additional £200 ($305, €224). Coverage in terms of SMS reminders was limited both in respect to contact details and spread of cellphone ownership, but incurs no recurrent costs when the in‐house network, NHSmail, is used. Interactive voice response is an alternative to SMS reminders: it could achieve wide coverage, but at a cost of £5.50 ($8.39, €6.17) per DNA avoided. We conclude that SMS reminders and booking appointments no more than 6 weeks in advance can be effective and low‐cost ways to reduce non‐attendance. It is questionable whether patients should be required to opt in, unless this is by far the best way to obtain cellphone contact details. Otherwise. interactive voice response might be considered as the preferred method to send last minute reminders.     

Improving the effectiveness of academic-business models: an analysis of obstacles in R&D activities in service industries

This study aims to analyze how obstacles to industry–university relations affect the success of their cooperation models, using a sample of collaborations coordinated by the Technological and Industrial Development Center (CDTI) in research and development activities in service industries. The results show that for the industry partner the key considerations affecting the dynamics of cooperation with research organizations are missed deadlines and problems associated with the appropriation of results. The importance of these obstacles also has a negative effect on success, especially in aspects related to the results of the project and its overall performance.     

THC争端困境

"人人喊打"的一笔没来由、没依据的码头装卸费,国际班轮公会竟然想在中国大陆全面推行。中国货主协会与班轮公会激烈谈判三次,对方竟然"毫不退缩",不管是喊打还是联名抵制,都表现出了一个行业法律失语的尴尬。     

THC争端困培

"人人喊打"的一笔没来由、没依据的码头装卸费,国际班轮公会竟然想在中国大陆全面推行.中国货主协会与班轮公会激烈谈判三次,对方竟然"毫不退缩",不管是喊打还是联名抵制,都表现出了一个行业法律失语的尴尬:.     

消费习惯广告的两难困境

对于那些试图培养消费者的消费习惯、锁定目标用户的广告主来说,这一研究成果很好地揭示其市场营销策略上的两难困境。在没有养成消费习惯之前,习惯行为提示型的广告语或许是有效的,它能促使消费者尽快增加消费频次,养成良好的消费习惯;对于那些已养成消费习惯的消费者来说,习惯行为提示型广告的效果可能适得其反,消费者或许会想,自己是不是消费次数太过频繁了？