Housing Decisions of Young Swedish Adults

Pooled and longitudinal data for the years 1989 and 1992 were used to study the housing decisions of young Swedish adults before and after the 1991 Swedish tax reform. Although the household formation and tenure choice decisions of young adults were found to be simultaneously determined, neglecting the cross-equation correlation between these two decisions had no major impact on the estimated coefficients. Demographic factors were found to significantly affect both the household formation and tenure choice decisions. Economic factors were also found to significantly affect young adults' choice of tenure mode. This is however not the case regarding the household formation decision. Young adults' decision whether to form a household was found to be rather insensitive to economic factors. Furthermore, the impact of the relative cost of owned to rented housing was found to be significantly lower after the 1991 Swedish tax reform. One possible explanation might be the smaller variation in relative cost of owned versus rented housing between households after the 1991 Swedish tax reform. Finally, neglecting household-specific heterogeneity in the tenure choice estimation causes a downward bias in the parameter estimates.     

上海市房产税试点评价

研究目的：采用层次分析法构建一套评价指标体系对上海市房产税试点的成效进行评价,为政府完善房产税改革和进一步推进房产税试点扩围提供参考。研究方法：层次分析法（AHP）。研究结果：上海房产税改革试点。对房地产市场成交量有一定的短期调控作用,对房价的抑制作用不明显,对税收制度和地方财政收入的影响有限。研究结论：上海市房产税改革对房地产市场的调控未能达到预期,短期内不宜扩点。并提出了完善房产税改革的相关政策建议,做了相应的讨论与展望。     

浅谈房地产税制改革

我国房地产领域税收体系税基较窄,税费混乱,重交易环节轻保有环节问题等突出。本文简要介绍我国房地产领域税制改革的进程,揭示我国物业税改革悬空七年的原因,对目前倾向改革房产税的趋势做可行性分析和功能定位,最后对房产税改革重整进行思索。     

Challenges to the Ideal Property Tax

A bstract . In the 19th century state-appointed tax revision commissions began to influence the reform of the property tax. By 1893, some 28 commissions had been appointed. Their remarkably similar calls for reform set the parameters for much of the academic research in the 20th century when this tax instrument was transformed from a local tax to a federal-state-local exaction. As now administered, the property tax is no longer a unified tax. Separate assessment criteria make it a tax on mines, utilities, business property, household personalty and on housing. The latter is modified in different ways by homestead exemption (41 states), circuit breakers (50 sates) and use of classified schedules (17 states). Along with unprofessional and inaccurate assessments as well as politicized assessment practices, this has changed the tax to a general title for disparate fiscal activities in the 68,000 jurisdictions that use the property tax.     

Political Economy of Property Tax Reform: Hawaii's Experiment with Split‐Rate Property Taxation

Economic theory suggests that switching from a general property tax to a split‐rate tax increases land use efficiency and stimulates urban core development while preserving the environment and reducing urban sprawl. Under split‐rate property taxation, land is typically taxed at a significantly higher rate than improvements. Beginning in 1965 Hawaii experimented with a statewide split‐rate property tax system to encourage economic growth and effect land reform. The experiment was ended in 1977. Following the transfer of property taxing powers to the counties in 1978, some counties brought back the split‐rate property tax at times. Since 2006, Kauai County has adopted the unusual practice of taxing improvements at a higher rate than land for most property classes. This article chronicles and explains the rationale behind Hawaii's state and county experiments with split‐rate property taxation.     

论内外资企业所得税并轨改革

在20世纪80年代初,为吸引外资和引进先进设备,我国制定了相应的外资企业税收优惠政策,这些政策为国家吸引了大量的外贸资金以及先进的技术设备。然而随着国民经济的高速增长以及税基的不断增长,内外资企业出现了严重的不公平竞争,负面影响已逐步显现。本文认为,为了改变内外资企业的不公平竞争以及税收优惠政策引起的负面影响的局面,内外资企业所得税并轨改革势在必行。     

Potential Tax Revenue from a Regulated Marijuana Market A Meaningful Revenue Source

A bstract . Dissatisfaction with current drug policy measures has led to a push for the regulation of drugs , especially marijuana . On the premise that such regulation is a real possibility, estimates of potential tax revenue from a regulation scheme and critical comments on other estimates of the size of the marijuana market are presented. For 1991, potential tax revenue is estimated to range from 2.55 to 9.09 billion dollars. The uncertainty surrounding the price elasticity of demand for marijuana, home cultivation of marijuana by individual users, and the extent to which purchases may still be made from the black market are discussed, as are their implications for potential tax revenue.     

高校企业所得税问题探讨

随着高等教育体制改革不断深入,高校适应市场经济的能力不断加强,高校的经济活动日益频繁。为调节相关经济活动,国家出台了一系列高校企业所得税税收政策,加强高校的税收管理工作。通过全面了解高校企业所得税税收政策,掌握高校企业所得税有关优惠待遇,研究高校企业所得税的核算方法,探讨高校企业所得税存在的问题及改革对策,并提出对高校企业所得税缓征及免征的建议。     

个人所得税对居民消费影响研究的文献综述

1994年至今,个人所得税已经历四次重大改革,个税改革是税制改革的重点内容。本文将从个人所得税对居民消费影响的理论研究和实证研究方面,对现有个人所得税的研究文献进行梳理总结,并进行述评,总结现有文献研究存在的不足之处,以期为进一步研究个人所得税对居民消费影响研究提供依据和方向。     

Federal Income Tax Reform in the United States: How Did It Happen? What Did It Do? Where Do We Go from Here?

Abstract . The 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913 provided the legal basis for progressive federal income taxes. They now yield revenues of about $450 billion annually. Tax base erosion eventually produced a levy in serious violation of norms of allocation efficiency, distributional equity, and macroeconomic performance. Vested private interests influenced legislators by propaganda and campaign contributions to minimize their tax burdens at the expense of less wealthy taxpayers. The result was an irrational and badly flawed tax structure. In 1981 the maximum marginal tax rate on income from property and wealth was significantly reduced along with other bracket reductions. The income tax reform movement culminated in 1984 to 1986. It expanded the base of the tax while reducing marginal rates as well as brackets, with little change in the distribution of the burden among different income groups but achieving some greater equity in tax liabilities for those with similar incomes.     

商业地产或成房企战略转型首选

当前,在现有房地产调控政策不放松和有可能进一步加码的长期调控态势下,越来越多的大型住宅开发企业纷纷进行战略上的转型,逐步加大非住宅物业的开发投资力度和规模,在规避住宅市场调控的同时,拓展企业新的开发领域和利润增长点。     

Mexico''s fiscal crisis

Mexico's current crisis has its origins in a number of structural conditions that developed in the 1970s. This paper examines one of these structural impediments, the country's fiscal disequilibrium. An empirical analysis of the country's tax structure indicates that there is ample scope for major tax reforms geared to introducing more responsiveness into the country's tax collection system. Given that the government will have to reduce its budget deficit to comply with IMF stabilization requirements, the analysis indicates tax reform rather than expenditure reduction would be the most efficient policy in achieving this objective.     

Three-rate property taxation and housing construction

This paper examines the effect of property taxation on housing construction. In 2001, Finnish municipalities were allowed to levy an extra property tax on undeveloped land zoned for housing. Municipalities that adopted the new tax instrument have a three-rate tax property tax system with different tax rates on land before development, land after development and buildings. The remaining municipalities have a two-rate system with a uniform land tax and a building tax. A theoretical model of decisions by landowners suggests that the pre-development land tax ought to lead to faster development, but also the density of development may be affected. In the two-rate system land tax is neutral. The empirical results suggest that landowners respond to the tax incentives. Municipalities that adopted the three-rate property tax system saw an increase in single-family housing starts of roughly 12 percent.     

论物业税开征对我国城市发展的影响

物业税属于地方税种,统一的物业税开征对于提高中国城市发展的效率和水平具有积极意义.我国的物业税体制改革应注意与地方公共服务的发展联系在一起,通过开征统一的物业税,构建公共财政框架,规范政府土地管理,改善城市公共服务,促进城市房地产业健康发展.     

Tax Regimes and Capital Gains Realizations

This paper contrasts the individual capital gains realization behavior between progressive and proportional tax regimes. Using a longitudinal panel of over 288,000 individuals in Sweden, I exploit the 1991 tax reform in Sweden that changed progressive capital gains tax rates ranging from 12% to 80% to a proportional tax rate of 30%. Using the proportional tax system to control for non-tax reasons to realize capital gains, I show that individuals are highly responsive to capital gains tax incentives created by temporary income changes under a progressive capital gains tax. More specifically, I find that individuals with temporary negative (positive) income changes sell (hold) shares that they would hold (sell) in the absence of temporary tax incentives. Further, I show that high-income individuals are more tax sensitive than low-income individuals. This result indicates that low-income individuals facing temporary negative income changes could trade predominantly for non-tax reasons.     

The Impact of a Graded Tax on a Rural Area: A Case Study in Indiana County, Pa.

Abstract . The graded tax is a reform of the property tax which would tax land values at a higher rate than improvements in or on the land. What would be its impact on different types of rural owners of real property? A study of rural Indiana County, Pennsylvania, by William Ritter shows that the impact would vary according to the level of development the individual tract or parcel has undergone.     

Property Tax Assessment Reform: A Source of Local Revenue Windfall or Fiscal Retrenchment

Abstract . Researchers, state officials and taxpayers have often speculated that property tax assessment reform would lead to an increase in the overall tax burden. They contend that, given the large non-discretionary increase in the tax base during the reform, local governments can raise more resources without increasing the nominal tax rate. An empirical analysis of 74 towns in New York supports that position. However, two types of tax shifts that occurred in the wake of reassessment—interclass shifts of tax burden to the owners of residential propertieskovn the other property classes and intra-class shifts observed among residential property owners—have caused significant moderation in this pattern of local government behavior. Therefore, tax reform, while it bestows revenue windfalls upon some local governments, may require fiscal retrenchment by others.     

物业税与城市蔓延之关系研究述评

对城市蔓延的相关问题作了简要综述,并重点介绍了研究物业税与城市蔓延间关系的国内外文献。物业税与城市蔓延的理论研究和实证分析都说明,物业税与城市空间形态特别是城市规模之间存在着紧密的联系。指出应当从城市资源空间配置的角度开展更多物业税方面的研究,并在中国现有房地产市场中实践。     

Migration and the Tiebout-Tullock Hypothesis Revisited

This study investigates, using state-level data for the period 2000–2005, the Tiebout hypothesis (as extended by Tullock) of "voting with one's feet." This analysis differs from previous related studies not only in its adoption of more current migration and other data but also in other ways. First, unlike most earlier related studies, it includes a separate measure of the overall cost of living; second, it examines per pupil (rather than per capita) outlays on public primary and secondary education; and third, in addition to property taxes, it also focuses on per capita state income tax burdens. Inclusion of the last of these variables in the analysis is based on studies that have found the existence of a state income tax to have influenced migration patterns and other studies that have found higher state income tax levels to have resulted in reduced per capita income growth over time. Moreover, including both property tax burdens and income tax burdens broadens the scope of the hypothesis. Strong empirical support for the Tiebout-Tullock hypothesis (as interpreted here) is obtained for the study period.     

数字经济背景下税收征管体系的国际经验与政策建议

数字经济不断发展背景下,中国的税收征管制度亟需改革,而其他国家在数字化税收征管制度改革中已取得一些经验,可为中国的改革提供重要参考。本文就数字经济对全球税收征管体系的影响进行利弊分析,并结合当前国际税收征管体系中间接税和直接税层面存在的税收征管制度漏洞而导致的税收流失问题,总结其他国家的税收征管制度改革经验,分析我国在数字交易税收三要素确定、税收归属权划分及传统代扣代缴制度等方面存在的问题,并提出我国税收征管制度改革与完善的对策建议:完善相关税收制度,进一步深化数字经济时代税制改革的研究,正确评估税收征管新技术的可行性,进一步加强国际交流与合作以提升我国的话语权。