THE EFFECT OF PRICE SUPPORT POLICIES ON AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT,EMPLOYMENT, FARM INCOMES AND LAND VALUES IN THE U.K.

Agricultural price policy has a major impact on the input markets as well as the output markets and a model is developed to analyse the effects of changes in support levels on U.K. agricultural employment, earnings, investment and land prices. This paper describes the specification, estimation and evaluation of the model and simulates the effects of a one per cent increase in support prices. The main conclusions are that net investment would increase in the years following the rise by a maximum in the second year of £12m and by a cumulative total of £44m (representing an increase of about 0.4 per cent in the capital stock). Employment on the other hand, while rising at first, would subsequently fall to almost one per cent below its original level, and earnings of hired labour also fall slightly. Net farm income increases by around 10 per cent and this is capitalised into a similar increase in land values.     

THE COMBINATION OF AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AND INPUT PRICE INDICES

Measures of agricultural incomes, and of the industry's productivity, are often derived by combining measures of the aggregate values and volumes of the industry's outputs and inputs. Combinations of price indices are less common but some have been published by Eurostat and are described in this paper. They are of two basic forms, one indicating the net effect of changes in output prices and input prices on the industry's value added and the other indicating changes in the industry's terms of trade. The paper examines the role, construction and interpretation of these measures and offers some cautions about their interpretation in the context of CAP reform.     

价格支持政策对我国不同粮食作物播种面积变化的影响差异

［目的］文章评估了价格支持政策对不同粮食作物播种面积变化的平均效应与动态效应,并测度多种价格支持政策的交叉政策弹性。［方法］基于1998—2016年实施粮食价格支持政策省份面板数据,设立对照组,利用倾向得分匹配—双重差分方法（PSM DID）评估价格支持政策平均效应与动态效应,并构建粮食作物供给反应（Nerlove）模型测度价格支持政策的交叉政策弹性。［结果］（1）价格支持政策对水稻、小麦、玉米播种面积增加具有不同程度的推动作用,按大小依次为玉米>水稻>小麦,对大豆播种面积变化影响不显著; （2）价格支持政策持续时间越长,对水稻、玉米播种面积增加的推动作用越大,对小麦播种面积增加的推动作用较为稳定; （3）小麦、玉米播种面积变化主要来自自身价格支持政策,水稻播种面积变化除了受到自身价格支持政策影响外,还受到其他作物政策影响,大豆播种面积变化对玉米临储政策反应敏感,对自身价格支持政策反应不敏感。［结论］在制定粮食政策时既要区分政策及其持续性对不同粮食播种面积变化的影响差异,又要注意在同一地区实施多种粮食政策时,可能对不同作物产生交叉影响。     

农业水价效应研究进展

[目的]中国是农业大国,也是灌溉大国,农业水价的变化对农业影响较大。文章阐述了国内外农业水价效应的研究进展。[方法]农业水价效用是指农民在消费水资源时对农业水价的满足程度,由于农业用水是准公共物品,具有明显的外部性,农业水价效用体现在水价变化对农户用水行为的引导以及由此导致的节水技术采用,种植结构调整等生产方式方面的改变、以及对农民收入影响及思想观念方面的作用等。[结果]国内主要通过需求弹性等方法分析了农业水价变化对农业节水、农业生产、农民收入、粮食安全等方面的影响,国外专家通过建立数学模型分析农业水价对农户行为、经济价值及管理体制的变化。[结论]该文探讨了农业水价效应研究存在的问题,即农业水价效应宏观性不足、研究缺乏完善指标体系、水价效应滞后性关注不足。提出了农业水价效应研究发展趋势:(1)拓展视角,从宏观角度观察;(2)建立完善的农业水价效应评价指标体系;(3)结合改革,关注农业水价长期效应。     

农地资源价格研究

论述了农地资源价格特征和构成。农地资源作为土地资产的一种，其价格具有外溢性、市场失灵性、影响因素复杂性等特征。农地价格和其他土地一样具有二元性，即包括农地物质虚幻价格和农地资本次生虚幻价格。从农地产生效益的角度看，农地价格包括农地社会效益价格、农地生态效益价格和农地经济效益价格。作为农地所有者（或使用者）真正把握住县可让渡的价格仅是农地真实的价格中的极少的一部分。     

AGRICULTURAL PRICE POLICY,FOOD AID AND INPUT SUBSIDY REFORMS IN BURKINA FASO

This paper examines the agrarian decline in Burkina Faso that prompted structural adjustment reforms by the World Bank and the IMF in the early 1980s. Official interventions in the cereals, cotton and fertiliser sectors are examined, and an analysis made of regional impacts of the proposed reforms on producers and consumers. Counter-factual simulations with a multi-region, multi-commodity agricultural sector model are used to evaluate three policies: eliminating input subsidies, increasing official market commodity prices, and reducing food aid imports. Model results show that these reforms would improve agricultural-sector performance, but depend on cotton exports to pay for fertiliser, contrary to government self-sufficiency objectives. Relaxing capacity constraints on official marketing operations would also need to be eliminated to achieve reform objectives.     

SIMULATED MARKETS,FARM STRUCTURE,AND AGRICULTURAL POLICIES*

In this investigation estimated relationships of resource markets for United States agriculture are used in a simulation model to study resource demand and farm income under three conditions: (a) those actually prevailing, including the historic mix of agricultural policies, (b) with technical change in agriculture only half the rate realized, and (c) with a free market. The results indicate that compared with “actual” conditions the environment of slow technical change would have modest effects in slowing the demand for farm machinery and the migration of labor from agriculture. It also would result in greater net farm income in the 1960's. A free market would be accompanied by increased investment in farm machinery and a greater exodus of family and hired labor from agriculture. It also would result in a smaller farm building investment and a considerable reduction of farm income. Since economic conditions are so similar in both countries, the implications of these findings are related to Canadian agriculture on the assumption the same model would show the same outcomes for Canada. Dans cette étude, des rapports estimés des marchés des ressources pour ?agriculture des Etats-Uns sont employés dans un modéle de simulation afin ?étudier la demande des ressources et le revenu agricol net sous trois conditions: (a) celle qui régne réellement, incluant le mélange historique de politiques agricoles; (b) celle qui ne montre le changement technique de ?agriculture qti à la moitié du train realise; et (c) celle qui profite ?un marché libre. Les résultats indiquent que ?enrironnement du changement technique modéré, quand il est compareé avec les conditions réelles, produirait des effets modestes en diminuant la demande pour des machines agricoles et en ralentissant ?exode de la main-?oeuvre de ?agriculture. En outre, cet environment aurait pour résultat un revenu agricole net plus fort dans les années de 1060 à 1970. Vne marché libre serait accompangne de placements augmentés dans les machines agricoles et ?un plus grand exode de la main ?oeuvre familiale et salariée de ?agriculture. Aussi, ceci aboutirait à un investissement moindre dans la construction rurale et à une réduction considérable du revenu agricole. Puisque les conditions économiques des deux pays sont si ressemblantes, les implications de ces conclusions sont rattachées à?agriculture cana-dienne en supposant que le même modéle montrerait les mêmes résultats pour le Canada.     

空间视角下城镇化对农业碳生产率的直接作用与间接溢出效应研究

［目的］发展低碳农业的核心在于全面提高农业碳生产率,而城镇化是影响农业碳生产率增长的重要因素。［方法］文章以1997—2014年中国31省区面板数据为样本,将城镇化划分为人口、经济、土地和社会4个维度,借助空间杜宾模型分别探讨其对农业碳生产率的作用及差异。［结果］1997—2014年,中国省域农业碳生产率存在空间正自相关性,邻近省区间集聚分布特征明显。控制其他变量后,城镇化是影响农业碳生产率的重要因素; 其中,人口城镇化与社会城镇化不利于当地农业碳生产率的提高,而土地城镇化则具有正向促进作用; 邻近地区人口城镇化对本地区农业碳生产率存在间接的正向溢出效应,其他城镇化并无此效应。而在利用熵值法构建综合城镇化变量后,仍发现城镇化不利于农业碳生产率的改善。［结论］因此,制定区域农业碳减排及污染治理政策时,应在优化农业产业结构及要素配置的同时,强化空间综合治理与区域联动机制建设,推动新型城镇化与农业现代化的协同发展,进而实现低碳转型与可持续发展。     

EFFECTS OF THE FARMER SUPPORT PROGRAMME AND CHANGES IN MARKETING POLICIES ON MAIZE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA

This article analyses the effects of action aimed at narrowing the gap between South Africa's ‘two agricultures’, specifically the effects of the Farmer Support Programme (FSP) on structural aspects of maize production under different marketing policies. This is done by assembling a sectoral linear programming model of the South African summer-rainfall grain-producing area. The emphasis is on the inclusion of supply, demand and production risk. Results show that the effects of a successful FSP on specific interest groups, e.g. consumers of a specific product, or producers in a specific region, depend on the marketing policy followed, as well as on the effectiveness of the FSP. The analysis accentuates the interrelationships in South African crop production and illustrates how past policies ignored regional comparative advantages, distorted regional development and affected social welfare.     

农业综合开发对农业GDP的影响研究  ———以淮安市为例

农业综合开发投资是农业发展的重要资金来源,是财政支农的重要手段,促进了粮食增产、农业 增效和农民增收,推进了农业结构调整和农业产业化经营,加快了农业现代化进程。文章对江苏省淮安市 的农业综合开发投资总体情况进行实证分析,比较了不同项目的资金投入对农业生产能力的影响,帮助优 化投资结构,以期能对淮安市农业综合开发投资发展产生一定的推动作用。     

AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: ESTIMATES OF INCOME AND PRICE ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY

This paper provides new evidence on income and price elasticities of demand and supply of agricultural exports from developing countries, on the basis of (a) a consistent and fully specified supply and demand model, and (b) statistical estimation procedures not frequently used in the estimation of agricultural export functions. Estimates of price and income elasticities of demand for aggregate agricultural exports for all developing countries taken together — as distinct from individual exporting countries — are found to be low; moreover, export price as distinguished from non-price factors plays a relatively insignificant role in increasing export supply. Hence, an attempt by all developing countries to expand traditional agricultural exports with low price elasticity of demand may not yield rising earnings for all; but in fact may result in falling export revenues. Insofar as individual exports of all developing countries (not individual countries) are concerned, income and price elasticities of demand for such tropical commodities as tea, coffee, cocoa and bananas are also found to be low, except for new, non-traditional exports like pineapples. This indicates the importance of diversification of agricultural exports as a vehicle for their future growth.     

A SIMULATION APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF STABILISATION POLICIES IN AGRICULTURAL MARKETS: A CASE STUDY*

Agricultural markets are very often susceptible to year-to-year fluctuations in price and output and it is generally agreed that it would be desirable to control these fluctuations by intelligent market support operations. In this paper we develop a simulation model to assess the efficacy of market support operations in the case of egg market in the U.K. during the period 1958-68. We argue that for this problem a simulation approach is more effective than either a geometric or an algebraic approach. On the basis of our analysis, we find that in the absence of the market support operations of the British Egg Marketing Board during the period 1958-68, the long-run average return to the egg producer would have been only marginally different from the actual but the instability of the market would have been substantially greater. We also found that because of the nature of the subsidy arrangements, there were severe limits to the Egg Board's capacity to increase producer price even in the short run in spite of the inelastic demand curve. More generally, we conclude that marketing Boards in situations similar to the Egg Board's should aim at keeping close to the long-run producer price rather than short-run profit maximisation.     

日本与欧美农业环境支持政策对中国的启示

农业政策中与环境相关的支付政策越来越多。发达国家将WTO绿箱政策、农业直接支付政策与农业环境支持政策结合起来,这样既可以从根本上解决农业生产所带来的安全问题,也可以加深消费者对相关政策的理解与支持,同时从产业链的上游解决食品安全及农业的可持续发展问题。欧盟的Greening政策和日本实施的农业直接支付政策均以农户遵守农药化肥及农业废弃物处理的相关规范为前提,通过合理使用肥料及各种防治措施从不同程度上达到农业可持续发展、农业的多功能性及降低温室气体排放的目的,并由此获取政府的支持。文章通过对发达国家,特别是与中国农业形态类似的日本农业环境政策取向的分析及与欧美相关政策比较分析,认为中国首先应该完善循环农业的相关法律法规和标准,加强对农民的培训以及明确其应遵守的基本义务,对采取环境友好型农业生产方式的农民给予支持。     

财政支农、农机化发展与新疆农民收入关系的实证研究

利用1978~2013年新疆统计数据,运用协整分析、构建误差修正模型、Granger因果关系检验,探讨了改革开放以来新疆财政支农、农机化发展水平与农民人均纯收入之间的长短期动态关系及相互影响关系。研究结果显示:(1)新疆财政支农、农机化发展水平及农民人均纯收入整体上呈上升趋势;(2)新疆财政支农、农机化发展水平和农民人均纯收入两两之间存在长期均衡关系;(3)误差修正模型表明短期因素对新疆财政支农、农机化发展水平与农民人均纯收入两两之间的长期均衡关系均具有一定的调节作用;(4)Granger因果关系检验表明,财政支农的变动对农民人均纯收入变动的影响较大,而农民人均纯收入的变动对财政支农的变动影响较小;农机化发展水平与农民人均纯收入之间存在双向因果关系,相互影响作用较强;财政支农的变动对农机总动力变动的影响较大,而农机总动力的变动对财政支农的变动影响作用较弱。为此,新疆要持续促进农民增收,必须加大财政支农的投资力度并协调好财政支农与农机化发展的关系,为新疆"三农问题"有效解决提供坚实可靠的基础。     

吉林省农产品进出口对农业经济增长的效应———基于出口扩展型生产函数的实证研究

吉林省是一个农业大省,农产品进出口在整个对外贸易中占有举足轻重的地位,进出口贸易与经济增长之间的相互关系历来也是学术研究的重点。文章首先分析吉林省农产品贸易的发展状况与特点,研究了吉林省农产品贸易对农业经济的贡献率与拉动率;然后以柯布道格拉斯生产函数为基础,构建出口扩展型生产函数模型,对吉林省农产品进出口与农业经济增长,农业劳动投入、资本投入与农业经济增长的关系进行了实证分析,结果表明吉林省农产品进出口、农业固定资本投入对农业经济增长均具有正向的促进作用,农业就业人数的变化对农业经济增长的作用不显著。其中吉林省农产品出口额每增加1%,会促进农业地区生产总值增加0.198%,进口每增加1%,促进农业经济增长0.205%,农产品进出口总额每增加1%,农业地区生产总值增加0.227%。因此,吉林省要努力发展外向型农业,提高优势农产品在国际市场上的份额;同时增加农业资本投入,优化投资结构。     

转产扶持金使用及最佳效益探讨

转产扶持金曾在浙江省地矿厅产业结构调整和产业经济发展中发挥了积极作用,同时在使用中也存在着一些问题.为解决这些问题,提高转产扶持金的使用效益,文中分别针对局、队提出了若干建议,并针对局、队的投资与被投资关系提出了七项措施.     

THE DISINCENTIVE EFFECT OF FOOD-FOR-WORK ON LABOUR SUPPLY AND AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND DIVERSIFICATION IN ETHIOPIA

Food-for-work (FFW) as a form of food aid has been criticised for its many disincentive effects. This paper investigates alleged disincentive effects of food-for-work (FFW) on labour supply and agricultural intensification and diversification in one district of Ethiopia, using a ranking exercise and a small survey of farmer opinion. Despite the popularity of FFW as a source of income, careful project design meant that disincentives were largely avoided. In particular, the take-up of FFW was restricted, by a combination of self-targeting and community based administrative rationing; and agricultural intensification and diversification were encouraged directly through extension programmes.     

LIBERALISING OECD AGRICULTURAL POLICIES IN THE URUGUAY ROUND: EFFECTS ON TRADE AND WELFARE

A dynamic, stochastic, multi-commodity model of world food markets is used to estimate the effects of liberalising agricultural policies in industrial countries. The effects on international and domestic prices, on trade volumes and on economic welfare of a phased liberalisation of industrial-country policies between 1988 and 1992 are compared with the effects of a similar hypothetical liberalisation in the early 1980s. The results suggest that, because of the dramatic increase in agricultural protection during the 1980s, the effects of a liberalisation under the Uruguay Round would be, in real terms, more than double those that would have resulted from a similar liberalisation a decade earlier. Major gainers are consumers in Western Europe and Japan and farmers in developing countries. But the cost to tax-payers in Western Europe is also escalating, not to mention the burden on non-agricultural producers in those countries whose competitiveness is reduced by farm policies. These domestic pressures from treasuries and from producers of non-farm products, together with greater international pressure for reform from agricultural-exporting countries, have raised the probability of at least some liberalisation during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations.     

我国惠农政策的成效评价及完善研究 ———以江西为例

以近5年来江西省惠农政策实施为例,系统分析各项惠农政策的具体实施过程、效果、存在问题及其原因,深入了解地方政府、农村集体、农户对惠农政策的期望,构建我国现阶段惠农政策实施成效评价的指标体系.在惠农政策的方案优化、惠农政策执行力度的强化、惠农政策的监督管理、惠农政策的评估与反馈等方面提出完善的对策与措施.