农业生产效率与其影响因素相关关系实证分析——基于湖北省数据

相对于第二产业与第三产业来说,我国农业发展方面存在的生产效率问题依旧亟待解决,研究农业生产效率及其影响因素对于我国农业经济发展具有深远意义。通过查阅农业生产相关文献,在对农业生产效率内涵及其理论基础进行阐述的基础上,文章构建DEA与Tobit等2种适用于不同情况的评价模型来确定我国农业生产率的影响因素及影响程度;并以湖北省为研究对象,利用湖北省统计数据得出渔业和畜牧业所占比重对农业生产效率影响最大;第一产业相对劳动生产力和农业支出比重越大,农业生产率越高,第二产业相对劳动生产力越大,农业生产率越低;单位机械动力产值、单位灌溉面积以及单位化肥用量越大,农业生产率越高。研究结论对促进经济与农业同步可持续协调增长、推广优势农业以及实现资源最大化利用、提高区域农业生产率均有一定的现实意义。     

The efficiency of the Australian dairy processing industry

In this article we analyse trends in the economic performance of the dairy processing industry and evaluate the link between these trends and the deregulation of the industry. Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis to derive Malmquist total factor productivity estimates, we show that the industry exhibits a relatively high level of technical efficiency. Victoria, the major producing state, has been effectively on the frontier over the period studied. In recent years, the rapid expansion in capital investment that has attended the shift towards deregulation, has been accompanied by an apparent slowdown in both productivity growth and technical progress. There is also evidence of a convergence in productivity levels across states.     

生产性服务业对农业全要素生产率的影响研究基于中介效应的影响路径分析

目的 在农业高质量发展的背景下,探讨农业生产性服务业发展对农业全要素生产率的切实影响及其作用机制。方法 文章基于DEA-Malmquist指数测算了2001—2019年全国农业全要素生产率增长变动情况,探究农业生产性服务业发展对农业全要素生产率的影响贡献,并通过中介效应模型对其影响路径进行实证检验。结果 农业生产性服务业发展水平与农业全要素生产率间呈现“倒U型”关系,生产性服务业发展对生产效率的促进作用部分通过农业生产专业化分工程度的提高以及经营规模的扩大得以实现;不同阶段、不同发展水平的生产性服务业对农业全要素生产率的促进作用和影响路径存在差异,生产性服务业发展初期主要通过促进农业生产分工和专业化水平提升来推动生产效率增长,后续则表现为规模效应和专业化效应的共同影响。结论 农业生产性服务业发展有助于提升农业全要素生产率,未来应持续推进农业生产性服务体系建设,引导农业生产性服务业适度发展,助力农业现代化转型。     

提升农业可持续生产力的瓶颈问题与对策

[目的]解决长期以来我国农业生产力的提升主要围绕产量展开带来的资源问题、环境问题和生态问题,突破农业生产力提升的不可持续性和空间有限的困境,从而有效促进农业可持续发展。[方法]理论分析推导,实践归纳总结,政策引领分析。[结果]农业是与自然关系密切的产业,农业可持续生产力的提升也必须从资源、环境和生态这些方面寻找根本驱动力,紧紧围绕资源节约型、环境友好型、生态保育型"三型"农业展开。[结论]提升农业可持续生产力要突出3个创新:(1)体系创新,即用生物农业和物理农业构建高效生态农业体系,以逐步替代化学农业;(2)产业创新,即以建立在农业废弃物循环经济基础上的静脉产业促进生产农产品的动脉产业,形成高盈利静动脉产业联合体;(3)模式创新,即创建高效生态农业特效模式,为提升农业可持续生产力找到特效路径。     

中国农业全要素生产率的动态演进及其影响因素分析

[目的]通过测算中国农业全要素生产率,揭示其动态演进趋势及影响因素,从而为推动我国农业供给侧结构性改革,实现农业现代化提供科学的决策依据。[方法]文章使用SBM-Global Malmqusit生产率指数法测算了中国农业全要素生产率,在此基础上利用Kernel核密度估计方法刻画了中国农业TFP增长的动态演进,并通过建立面板数据模型对影响中国农业TFP增长的诸多因素进行了分析。[结果]中国农业全要素生产率增长的主要源泉是技术进步,而技术效率的下降是阻碍其增长的主要原因;核密度估计表明各省份之间的农业相对全要素生产率水平差距不断扩大,技术效率普遍恶化,而技术进步增长速度显著;农业金融发展水平、工业化水平、农业科技水平对中国农业TFP都产生了显著的促进作用,而农业产业结构调整、对外开放水平对中国农业TFP则产生了阻碍作用,农村人力资本则对农业TFP产生的正效应不显著。[结论]提高农业全要素生产率,实现农业现代化.各省份应加强农业科技创新,深化农业科技体制改革,完善农村金融服务体系,推动工业化和农业现代化深度融合,培育新型职业农民等措施。     

Measuring public agricultural research and extension and estimating their impacts on agricultural productivity: new insights from U.S. evidence

This article provides new estimates of the marginal product of public agricultural research and extension on state agricultural productivity for the U.S., using updated data and definitions, and forecasts of future agricultural productivity growth by state. The underlying rationale for a number of important decisions that underlie the data used in cost‐return estimates for public agricultural research and extension are presented. The parameters of the state productivity model are estimated from a panel of contiguous U.S. 48 states from 1970 to 2004. Public research and extension are shown to be substitutes rather than complements. The econometric model of state agricultural TFP predicts growth rates of TFP for two‐thirds of states that is less than the past trend rate. The results and data indicate a real social rate of return to public investments in agricultural research of 67% and to agricultural extension of 100+%. The article concludes with guidance for TFP analyses in other countries.     

安徽省农业生产效率的测度与分析

农业是国民经济建设与发展的基础产业,农业生产率是衡量一个国家和地区农业生产水平的重要指标。文章以安徽省地级市的农业产值为研究对象,运用调整后农业投入产出数据,采用超效率DEA模型和Malmquist指数法测算2008-2018年地级市农业生产效率。结果表明:当前安徽省只有少数地级市农业生产效率达到有效,大部分地级市农业生产效率处于增长状态,存在较大发展潜力;另外,各地级市由于技术进步水平和生产规模等不同,农业生产效率也具有较大差异。基于此,安徽省应加大农业发展投入,各地级市需因地制宜提升农业生产效率,促进农业稳定发展。     

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE (REVISITED): A MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK AND SOME EMPIRICAL RESULTS

This paper explores the methodology of sectoral productivity growth measurement within the framework of input-output analysis. A method which ensures that sectoral productivity growth rates are consistent with productivity growth rates for the economy as a whole (as well as allowing for external trade) is suggested. New estimates are presented on total factor productivity in UK agriculture using a Tornqvist index procedure. In addition, new estimates of agricultural labour productivity growth are presented, taking account not only of labour employed in agriculture but also of labour employed in ancillary industries on the supply side. The empirical results confirm that part of the labour previously employed on farms has shifted “upstream” to industries providing agriculture with fertilises, machinery and other inputs.     

中国苹果绿色全要素生产率测算与产区差异

目的 厘清苹果产业绿色全要素生产率增长的动态变化及产区差异,是促进苹果产业高质量发展的关键。方法 文章基于2004—2018年我国8个苹果主产区面板数据,利用超效率SBM模型和全局ML指数,从静态、动态不同角度,对我国苹果环境技术效率和绿色全要素生产率进行测算,并分析不同产区之间的差异。结果 （1）我国及各主产区苹果环境技术效率均未达到最优状态,区域差异明显,黄土高原主产区高于环渤海湾主产区,与不考虑非期望产出相比,环境技术效率明显偏低;（2）规模效率是当前我国苹果生产技术效率主要来源,黄土高原主产区纯技术效率略高于规模效率,环渤海湾主产区纯技术效率偏低;（3）苹果绿色全要素生产率整体提高,区域间增速差异较大,黄土高原主产区增速高于环渤海湾主产区;（4）技术效率是我国苹果绿色全要素生产率主要增长源泉,技术进步贡献度相对较低。结论 我国苹果绿色全要素生产率存在较大提升空间,各产区要通过因地制宜制定苹果产业发展战略、充分借助农业科研院所创新优势、加强果农高素质培训等方式提高苹果绿色全要素生产率。     

Using a Programming Approach to Measure International Agricultural Efficiency and Productivity

Multifactor agricultural productivity for seventy countries is calculated using a programming method. Productivity measures are divided into indices that measure technical efficiency and technical change. Agriculture in many developing countries is technically inefficient but technical change has had a greater impact on agricultural productivity. Multifactor productivity is declining in many developing countries where both agricultural output and the use of some agricultural inputs has rapidly grown. The level of education in a country and research services are factors which can explain differences in agricultural productivity growth between countries.     

Farm-level efficiency and productivity measurement using panel data: wool production in south-west Victoria

In this article we explore some issues surrounding the use of farm-level efficiency and productivity estimates for benchmarking studies. Using an eight-year balanced panel of Victorian wool producers we analyse annual variation between estimates of farm-level technical efficiency derived using Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist estimates of Total Factor Productivity. We find that farms change their relative rank in terms of efficiency across years. Also, unlike aggregate studies of Total Factor Productivity, we find at best erratic and modest growth, a worrying result for this industry. However, caution is needed when interpreting these results, and for that matter, benchmarking analysis as currently practised when using frontier estimation techniques like Data Envelopment Analysis.     

甘肃省农业环境效率及碳排放约束下农业全要素生产率测算研究

[目的]考虑碳排放约束,分析甘肃省农业全要素生产率整体特征和区域特征,以期为提升甘肃省农业可持续发展能力提供参考。[方法]文章基于2005—2016年甘肃省14市州面板数据,以农业碳排放作为非期望产出指标,运用非径向、非角度的SBM模型和Malmquist—Luenberger生产率指数法,对甘肃省农业环境效率和碳排放约束下农业全要素生产率指数进行测算。[结果](1) 2005—2016年甘肃省农业环境效率值总体呈现下降—上升—趋于平缓的变化趋势,且均小于1;(2)碳排放约束下甘肃省农业全要素生产率总体呈现波动增长的趋势,年均值为1.010,年均增长率为1%,且主要来源于技术进步;(3)甘肃省农业全要素生产率增长存在显著区域差异,其中中部地区增长最快,陇东南地区次之,河西地区增长最慢。[结论]忽视碳排放将不利于农业可持续发展,建议各区域依据自身资源禀赋,采取差异化的发展思路,提高农业技术成果转化率是提升甘肃省农业全要素生产率的关键。     

基于DEA-Malmquist的江苏省农业用水效率评价

以江苏省13市为研究对象,运用DEA-Malmquist模型测算了2010—2017年农业用水效率和全要素生产率指数,分析其空间分布格局及时空演变趋势。结果表明,江苏省整体农业用水效率未达有效,各地区差异明显,农业用水效率从大到小依次为苏南、苏北、苏中;凭借技术进步效应,江苏省及各市、各时期农业用水效率均处于上升趋势,农业用水效率增长率从大到小依次为苏南、苏北、苏中;纯技术效率、规模效率处于衰退阶段,限制了全要素生产率的增长。未来应加强区域间合作,增加技术投入,重点提升技术效率,以达到提高江苏省农业用水效率的目的。     

Mismeasurement and efficiency estimates: Evidence from smallholder survey data in Africa

Smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is commonly characterised by high levels of technical inefficiency. However, much of this characterisation relies on self-reported input and production data, which are prone to systematic measurement error. We show theoretically that non-classical measurement error introduces multiple identification challenges and sources of bias in estimating smallholders' technical inefficiency. We then empirically examine the implications of measurement error for the estimation of technical inefficiency using smallholder farm survey data from Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. We find that measurement error in agricultural input and production data leads to a substantial upward bias in technical inefficiency estimates (by up to 85% for some farmers). Our results suggest that existing estimates of technical efficiency in sub-Saharan Africa may be severe underestimates of smallholders' actual efficiency and what is commonly attributed to farmer inefficiency may be an artefact of mismeasurement in agricultural data. Our results raise questions about the received wisdom on African smallholders' production efficiency and prior estimates of the productivity of agricultural inputs. Improving the measurement of agricultural data can improve our understanding of smallholders' production efficiencies and improve the targeting of productivity-enhancing technologies.     

Encountering Order and Disjuncture: Contemporary Anthropological Perspectives on the Organization of Development

This paper presents new estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) growth in Chinese industry over the past half century that seek to improve on earlier estimates in several respects: better data series are developed for capital and labour; the production function is estimated with fewer restrictive assumptions and corrected for serial correlation; and the TFP estimates are adjusted for cyclical fluctuations. The paper also offers a broader than usual interpretation of TFP growth. Its main findings are: (i) that over the whole period 1952–2005 the main source of industrial output growth was capital accumulation; (ii) that during the period since 1980 TFP growth also contributed significantly to industrial output growth; and (iii) that TFP growth in Chinese industry accelerated from the late 1980s, probably as a result of changes in the pattern of ownership and increased integration into the world economy.     

劳动力市场分割、要素配置效率与农产品流通产业增长——一个有调节的中介效应检验

本文通过建立有调节的中介效应模型,探讨了劳动力市场分割影响农产品流通产业增长的路径.研究表明,产业间劳动力市场分割和城乡间劳动力市场分割都显著地抑制了农产品流通产业增长,并通过有调节的中介路径产生影响;产业间劳动力市场分割比城乡间的劳动力市场分割在更大程度上维护了农产品流通产业较低的要素配置效率;规模效率对要素配置效率...     

Is there a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth in South America?

This article estimates agricultural productivity growth in 10 South American countries in 1969–2009 with the objective of investigating if the slowdown being measured in other countries is present in the region. Results show that productivity growth accounts for half of the three‐fold increase in agricultural output during this period and that performance is sensitive to R&D investments in the sector. The slowdown found for the 1990s to 2000s in the U.S. and some European economies does not seem to be present yet in South America. The region's total factor productivity (TFP) growth rate increased steadily from 1.07% during the 1970s to 2.29% during the 2000s. Given lags in adoption and the adaptive nature of innovations in these economies, we have yet to see the potential effects in South American agriculture of decreases in R&D in advanced economies.     

合作社高质量发展促进农业绿色生产率提高的机理与实效

目的 合作社的高质量发展给农业绿色发展提供了重要支撑,基于农业绿色生产率的增长源泉,探究合作社影响农业绿色生产率的作用机理与实效。方法 文章从“规范化水平、服务功能、示范带动效应”三方面建构合作社高质量发展的指标体系,利用2010—2020年我国30个省（市、区,不含港澳台和西藏地区）的面板数据,建立系统GMM模型实证检验合作社如何促进农业绿色发展。结果 （1）在作用效果上,合作社高质量发展通过农业绿色技术进步和绿色技术效率提升双轮驱动农业绿色生产率提高,边际弹性为0.179,且随时间推进,“十三五”时期增至0.309;（2）从作用机理看,合作社规范化水平主要通过推动农业绿色技术进步提高农业绿色生产率,示范带动效应通过农业绿色技术效率提升和农业绿色技术进步来提高农业绿色生产率,服务功能则无明显影响。结论 要推动农业绿色发展转型,各地应积极支持合作社发展,拓展合作社的绿色生产服务功能,并进一步出台绿色技术规范,对符合规范的合作社给予绿色补贴支持;同时,借助农产品消费市场的力量,完善农产品溢价识别机制,激励合作社用绿增效。     

长江经济带农业全要素生产率提升路径研究——基于38市的DEA与fsQCA分析

目的 测算长江经济带农业全要素生产率,提取农业全要素生产率提升路径,为转变农业发展方式实现农业高质量发展提供依据。方法 文章通过DEA-Malmquist指数测算2006—2019年长江经济带38市农业全要素生产率,探究长江经济带农业全要素生产率时空演变,其次运用fsQCA分析方法,探究5个前因条件下农业全要素生产率提升路径。结果 （1）显示自全面取消农业税以来,长江经济带农业全要素生产率增长具有持续性,技术进步呈现退化趋势,但效率改善明显,技术进步与效率内部出现波动性特征,且增长驱动模式具有地域性特性。（2）长江经济带具有2条农业全要素生产率提升路径,H1：财政支持—信息对称—结构合理驱动型,H2：财政支持—交通便捷驱动型,同时明确3条非提升路径。结论 提出增强财政支农力度,重视农业劳动力外流现象,因地制宜制定农业发展政策以促进长江经济带农业全要素生产率提升推动农业高质量发展的建议。     

Agricultural policy and productivity: evidence from Brazilian censuses

Brazil's economic strategy has shifted hesitatingly during the last several decades from one of producer protection to trade competitiveness. Exploiting the variations these shifts have afforded, we use a sequence of decennial agricultural censuses to examine Brazilian policy implications for agricultural competitiveness and efficiency. Total factor productivity is decomposed into best‐technology and efficiency elements, each subject to policy influence. We find technology growth, at 4.5% per annum, to have been extraordinarily high, particularly in the south. But because productivity among average producers has fallen rapidly behind that on the technical frontier, total productivity growth has been a much more modest 2.6% per year. Public agricultural research programs most benefit the country's technological leaders, widening the gap between frontier and average producer. Credit, education, and road construction policies instead narrow that gap. Credit and road programs especially enhance efficiency in the south, where efficiency losses have been greatest.