EFFECTIVE RATES OF PROTECTION AND HIDDEN SECTORAL TRANSFERS BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

Government intervention changes the allocation of resources through effects on input and output prices. While explicit forms of intervention have been the subject of many studies, implicit forms of intervention have been given much less attention. The price and output policies pursued by public authorities systematically cross-subsidise from densely populated to sparsely populated areas. Thus, their effects are in the opposite direction from the effects of tariffs and quotas. Examination of the effects of one form of intervention in isolation overstates the net effects of that intervention. Effective rates of cross-subsidies must be taken into consideration when attempting to measure the impact of government intervention on resource allocation.     

EFFECTS OF PROTECTION ON SOUTH AFRICAN COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

This paper examines the influence of protection on South African commercial agriculture. It shows that protective trade policy and its effects have been a major source of agricultural change in South Africa, and are at least partially responsible for many of the present problems experienced in South African agriculture. First, it outlines how structural cost-push inflation resulted from the protective trade policies and shows the effect thereof on farm receipts, expenses and balance sheets. This is followed by changes in farm structure, mainly size, number of farms, and the ratio of capital and labour in the production process. The paper concludes with some policy aspects.     

TENURE PATTERNS AND THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF CANADIAN AGRICULTURE

The belief that farm land should be owned by the farmer has long been supported by economists. Their objections to tenancy have been based on inefficient resource use and lack of incentives. Further, both in the U.S. and in Canada, it has been assumed that a society of predominantly land owning farmers contributes to political stability. However, an analysis of the data for Canada shows that during the period 1921–66 there has been a growth in land rental but this growth has not inhibited the commercialization, specialization and general development of agriculture. Hence, Canadian economists who are called upon, in increasing numbers, to advise developing countries on measures to develop agriculture have to be wary of prejudging tenancy as inefficent per se but should examine the actual working of tenancy systems for elements which induce inefficiencies.
LA COMMERCIALISATION DEL'AGRICULTURE CANADIENNE - Depuis longtemps, les économistes appuient la croyance que les terres arables devraient ètre posséder par le fermier. Les objections à la location sont basées sur l'incompétence des ressources d'usages et le manque d'encouragement. De plus, nous présumons qu'une société de propriétaire de ferme contribuera largement à la stabüité politique. Une analyse de ces données au Canada démontre que durant les années 1921–66, une croissance dans la location des terres n'a nullement aidé au développement agricole. Désormais, les économistes canadiens qui sont appelés en pita grand nombre à renseigner les pays en voie de développement, devraient être prudent avant de préjuger l'incompétence de la location, mats plutôt examiné les éléments qui occasionnent cette incompétence.     

AGRICULTURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA

Primary production including subsistence production, accounts for about 60 per cent of the national income of Papua and New Guinea. The bulk of the indigenous people are subsistence farmers, or have contact with the cash economy through agriculture, and the agricultural industries provide virtually the sole source of export earnings. The position is nevertheless changing rapidly.     

青海高原生态环境与农业可持续发展

从青海高原生态环境特征出发,具体地阐述了该地区生态的脆弱性,认为该地区生态环境恶化主要是人类不合理开发利用资源的缥果,在新的市场经济条件下,应注意保持资源开发利用和保护增殖的平衡,走开发与保护并举的道路,提出了建立生态农业,以可持续发展去协调人地关系的初步对策,力求做到农业资源永续利用,保持生态的良性循环。     

THE GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE

This paper is a review of the work of agricultural geographers, with particular reference to Great Britain and to points of contact with agricultural economics. After a consideration of objectives and of the geographer's approach to the study of agriculture, contributions made by geographers to an understanding of regional differences in British agriculture are reviewed. Developments made possible by the advent of the electronic digital computer and automated cartography and by improvements in the statistical analysis of spatial data are then examined and topics where geographers and agricultural economists might co-operate to their mutual benefit discussed.     

论我国生物多样性保护和可持续利用法律体系的重构

我国生物多样性占世界第八位,但近年生物多样性受胁状况日趋显著。我国尚未建立完善、科学的生物多样性保护法律体系,仅有针对某一特定生物资源的强制性保护立法,缺乏与其他生物资源要素之间必要的立法协调;由于自然资源法成为生物多样性法律规范的构成主体和表现形式,造成我国生物多样性保护机制独立运行的极大障碍,因此应当从生态资源的内在互动关系出发,以生物多样性保护法律体系从传统自然资源法律体系中分离出来为途径,以建立物种复合保护机制为手段,以生物多样性资源产权制度及相应的侵权救济法律制度构建为保障,重构我国生物多样性资源的立法保护体系,从而有效地维护生物圈的正常代谢,最终实现社会生态系统的稳定与发展。     

PORTUGAL ON THE BRINK OF EUROPE: THE CAP AND PORTUGUESE AGRICULTURE

Portuguese policy-makers assumed an active interest in agricultural sector development after the 1974 Revolution. However, the policy instruments used-output price supports, input subsidies, land market regulations, and agricultural credit programmes-have done little to facilitate technical or structural change in much of the sector. This pattern of development may have adverse medium-term impacts on agriculture, because for most commodities, accession to the CAP will substantially reduce farm profitability. If Portugal is to avoid sharp declines in income for a sector that is already relatively low in income terms, reform of factor market policies and investment in research and development are essential.     

黄河源区的自然资源状况与经济可持续发展--以玛多县为例

玛多县地处青海省的南部,黄河源区,主要有旅游、矿产、水电、草场、动物等自然资源,其中以草场、动物、旅游等资源最重要,是该区目前经济发展的支柱;目前该区的草场退化、畜牧业产值下降、水资源匮乏,鱼类资源和旅游资源开发又不够,这是玛多县目前经济发展所面临的问题;玛多县是三江源自然保护区的核心区,将严禁人为对自然环境的破坏,因此该县今后的经济发展模式应以鱼类资源和旅游资源开发为主体,畜牧业次之,杜绝矿产的开采,保护珍稀动物。     

THE IMPACT OF TAXATION ON AGRICULTURE

This paper considers the impact of taxation on British agriculture. Its purpose is to provoke thought into an important aspect of agricultural adjustment which has been largely overlooked, with consequential mis-direction of thought and effort. consideratio is restricted to the limited number of large farmers who are responsible for the major proportion of production. It is shown that the tax structure inhibits the acquisition and maintenance of personal wealth at the ever-increasing levels required by modern farming methods and conditions. With the problem accentuated by inflation, there is no solution other than to accept the inevitability of corporation farming.     

精确农业在我国的推广应用分析

介绍了精确农业的概念及其技术系统;分析了我国发展精确农业的必要性和可行性;针对我国农业现状,提出在我国不同区域,发展不同阶段的精确农业的构想。