Tax Timing Options on Futures Contracts and the 1981 Economic Recovery Act

This study utilizes foreign currency futures contracts to evaluate the tax timing options created by the 1981 Economic Recovery Act. Our findings suggest that the act had an impact on contracts with less than six months to maturity and that the marginal trader in those contracts is a long-position holder. Similarly, the results suggest that the option of tax year selection for foreign currency futures in valuable.     

山东省外资企业涉外债务融资现状、问题及对策研究

涉外债务融资是外资企业发展中的一种重要的融资方式。在当前境内外融资成本存在较大差异的情况下,对外资企业涉外债务融资的研究具有较强的现实意义。本文对近年来山东省外资企业涉外债务融资发展的特点、趋势进行了深入研究,并结合山东省实际对外资与外债之间的关系进行了分析,最后对山东省外资企业涉外债务融资发展提出了政策建议。     

中小企业债务融资产品定价影响因素分析

中小企业资产规模小、抗风险能力差,其融资面临较大的困难,极大地影响中小企业的发展。为了解决中小企业融资难的问题,本文对中小企业融资现状进行分析,结合中国目前中小企业融资的实际情况,提出了中小企业债务融资产品定价多元回归模型,分析了影响中小企业债券类产品定价的主要因素。     

Did the 1986 Tax Reform Act Affect Market Reactions to Stock Splits?: A Test of the Tax-Option Hypothesis

This paper tests the prediction of the tax-option hypothesis that the market impact of stock splits would be reduced by the 1986 Tax Reform Act which eliminated the difference between long- and short-term capital gains tax rates. The results show significant excess returns on stock split announcement and ex-days even after 1986. The announcement and ex-day excess returns are similar in different periods before and after the Act. Further, there is no significant relationship between announcement excess returns and increase in returns volatility following splits. These findings are inconsistent with the tax-option hypothesis.     

Using Financial Accounting Data to Examine the Effect of Foreign Operations Located in Tax Havens and Other Countries on U.S. Multinational Firms' Tax Rates

This paper investigates the effect tax havens and other foreign jurisdictions have on the income tax rates of multinational firms based in the United States. We develop a new regression methodology using financial accounting data to estimate the average worldwide, federal, and foreign tax rates on worldwide, federal, and foreign pretax book income for a large sample of U.S. firms with and without tax haven operations. We find that on average U.S. firms that disclosed material operations in at least one tax haven country have a worldwide tax burden on worldwide income that is approximately 1.5 percentage points lower than firms without operations in at least one tax haven country. Our results also show that U.S. firms face a 4.4% current federal tax rate on foreign income whether or not they have tax haven operations. Finally, we find that U.S. firms with operations in some tax haven countries have higher federal tax rates on foreign income than other firms. This result suggests that in some cases, tax haven operations may increase U.S. tax collections at the expense of foreign country tax collections.     

Debt, Leases, Taxes, and the Endogeneity of Corporate Tax Status

We provide evidence that corporate tax status is endogenous to financing decisions, which induces a spurious relation between measures of financial policy and many commonly used tax proxies. Using a forward-looking estimate of before-financing corporate marginal tax rates, we document a negative relation between operating leases and tax rates, and a positive relation between debt levels and tax rates. This is the first unambiguous evidence supporting the hypothesis that low tax rate firms lease more, and have lower debt levels, than high tax rate firms.     

Tax Policy and Shareholder Wealth: Some Evidence from the Tax Reform Act of 1986

This paper presents additional evidence regarding the stock market reaction to the Tax Reform Act (TRA) of 1986. A prediction model of the change in the profitability index for thirty-three industry groups as a result of the TRA is developed. This prediction model is then tested by examining abnormal industry returns surrounding the announcement of the TRA. The authors find that the distribution of the abnormal returns is related to the distribution of the predicted changes in industry equity investment returns, which suggests that the stock market was efficient in the pricing of news related to the TRA of 1986.     

Interest Rates Fluctuations and the Advantage of Long-Term Debt Financing: A Note on the Effect of the Tax-Timing Option

When interest rates fluctuate, issuing long-term debt may implicitly generate a valuable tax-timing option. The holder of long-term debt has an optimal-trading taxtiming option to immediately realize capital losses if an increase in interest rates lowers the price of the bond below the original issue price. In contrast, if interest rates decrease and the bond price is greater than the original issue price, the holder would prefer to defer the realization of capital gains. This tax-timing option confers an advantage for issuing long-term debt. Our formal presentation also highlights how the tax-timing options of long-term debt may increase the debt capacity of the firm.     

Taxes and capital structure: evidence from firms' response to the Tax Reform Act of 1986

While the theoretical relation between taxes and capital structurehas been extensively analyzed, the empirical evidence on thisissue has thus far been inconclusive. One of the main difficultiesconfronting previous empirical studies of the cross-sectionalrelationship between taxes and leverage was the control of interveningvariables. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA), which drasticallychanged the tax regime, provides a unique opportunity to assessthe interaction between taxes and leverage decisions in a controlledenvironment. We test the relationship between leverage and certaintax-related variables for a large sample of companies in theyears surrounding the enactment of the TRA. The results supportthe tax-based theories of capital structure. The findings indicatethat there exists a substitution effect between debt and nondebttax shields, and that both corporate and personal tax ratesaffect leverage decisions.     

Executive Financial Incentives and Payout Policy: Firm Responses to the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut

We test whether executive stock ownership affects firm payouts using the 2003 dividend tax cut to identify an exogenous change in the after‐tax value of dividends. We find that executives with higher ownership were more likely to increase dividends after the tax cut in 2003, whereas no relation is found in periods when the dividend tax rate was higher. Relative to previous years, firms that initiated dividends in 2003 were more likely to reduce repurchases. The stock price reaction to the tax cut suggests that the substitution of dividends for repurchases may have been anticipated, consistent with agency conflicts.     

Capital Structure and the Market for Corporate Control: The Defensive Role of Debt Financing

A capital structure theory based on corporate control considerations is presented. The optimal debt level balances a decrease in the probability of acquisition against a higher share of the synergy for the target's shareholders. This leads to the following implications: (i) the probability of firms becoming acquisition targets decreases with their leverage, (ii) acquirers' share of the total equity gain increases with targets' leverage, (iii) when acquisitions are initiated, targets' stock price, targets' debt value, and acquirers' firm value increase, and (iv) during the acquisition, target firms' stock price changes further; the expected change is zero and the variance decreases with targets' debt level.     

欧债危机根源分析及对中国经济发展的启示

通过对欧洲主权债务危机的回顾,文章梳理了美国次贷危机与欧债危机的关联,分析了欧债危机爆发的内外部原因,在分析过程中对将欧债原因归结为危机发生国债务水平过高和福利水平过高的两个误区进行了辨析.在总结内外部原因的基础上,探讨了中国经济发展从中可以获得的启示.     

企业负债率与融资困境研究——基于山西企业负债情况的调查

当前企业负债率高企的问题突出,部分企业陷入高负债和融资难的困境,依靠再融资维持运转的局面难以为继。本文以2006—2015年山西规模以上工业企业有关数据为基础进行研究分析,结果显示,企业负债率与银行信贷高度相关,且自2010年以来不断攀升,目前已整体超过警戒线;高负债率已经严重影响到企业的正常经营和银行的信贷安全,成为可能引发区域性风险的重大隐患。就此,本文提出了化解企业高负债率的路径,建议通过提高宏观政策与产业政策的科学性和协调性,探索通过多种渠道降低企业过度负债以及有效治理多头授信和"担保链"问题,大力推进企业兼并重组和产业结构调整,以有效增强企业财务约束和负债经营能力,切实改进金融服务和风险防控。     

贷款服务纳入增值税抵扣机制的效应预测——基于可计算一般均衡模型的分析

营改增改革政策中,企业购入贷款服务的进项税额不能抵扣,不利于增值税抵扣链条打通。现阶段我国正在实施大规模的减税降费政策,贷款服务进项税额抵扣问题关系到贷款企业负担减轻和市场主体活力释放。通过可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型研究发现,若贷款服务能够纳入增值税抵扣范围,会产生良好的减税效果,使制造业和服务业税负下降明显,并能够显著推动实体经济产出增长。未来增值税改革可逐步提高贷款服务进项税额抵扣率,渐进式推动增值税抵扣链条完全打通。     

企业属性与行业集中度对上市公司负债率的影响*--基于对2009-2013年中国上市公司的分析

本文以2009-2013年我国A股上市公司为样本,利用面板数据回归分析方法,以企业资产规模、盈利能力、固定资产比率、成长性和投资规模为控制变量,检验企业属性及行业集中度对上市公司负债率的影响。结果表明,国有企业的长期负债潜在风险较大,企业资产负债率及长期负债率均随行业集中度上升呈倒U型变化。在此基础上,本文提出放松民间资本限制、增设考核目标、拓宽企业股权融资渠道等建议。     

Debt Financing and Voluntary Adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards: Evidence from Korean Unlisted Firms

We investigate the effect of debt financing on the voluntary adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by unlisted firms and such adoption’s effect on bond credit rating. We find that unlisted firms with public debts are more likely to voluntarily adopt IFRS. Subsequent to the voluntary application of IFRS, the unlisted firms exhibit, on average, enhanced credit ratings. These findings suggest that the public debt market’s demand for high-quality financial reporting may drive those unlisted firms to voluntarily adopt IFRS. Furthermore, rating agencies seem to reward such firms by elevating their bond credit ratings.     

财政风险与国债结构管理--从国债再融资角度的分析

国债风险是财政风险中的核心内容，控制风险的思路不能囿于国债总量的控制，还要注重国债结构管理所能发挥的作用。本文从国再融资资风险的角度，分析了国债结构管理在防范财政风险中的作用，并对我国国债现状进行了实证分析。最后，笔者提出，为降低我国财政风险，目前应该增加长期债券比例，形成一个均衡的债务期限。