人民币汇率政策改革对我国货币政策机制的影响

2005年7月21日我国宣布汇率政策改革后,人民币汇率的形成机制得到进一步完善,这一改革将对我国宏微观经济的各个层面产生深远的影响。本文试从我国的实际经济情况出发,运用汇率政策与货币政策之间相互冲突的经济学原理,来分析汇率政策改革对我国货币政策机制的影响,并提出了完善货币政策机制的几点政策建议。     

日本应对金融危机的政策及其评价

美国次贷危机引发的金融海啸对日本经济的影响甚至超过了美国.为了应对这次百年不遇的金融海啸,日本政府分3次提出了总额为75万亿日元的应对方案用于稳定民生、开发新能源技术和安定金融市场.与以往相比,本次的应对方案具有反应快、关注市场竞争中的弱者、重视金融领域和强调以结构改革应对危机的特点.     

次贷危机背景下日本经济的严峻挑战与政策应对

日本经济在经历了6年多的增长后如今重现跌势,主要原因在于美国次贷危机的冲击以及日元快速升值争内部需求的疲软.尽管日本政府针对本国经济状况还有许多逆向政策工具可以选用,但由于日本复杂的政治因素和不确定的经济因素,日本政府任何一项宏观政策的出台都将面临着两难的选择.     

Policy Responses to Balance-of-Payments Crises: The Role of Elections

Governments have a number of policy tools that can be used to address pressure on the balance of payments, threatening an undesirable decline in the relative value of the national currency. They can: (1) sell reserves, (2) raise interest rates, (3) impose capital controls, (4) apply trade restrictions, or (5) depreciate the currency. While researchers typically analyze these policies in isolation from one another, we treat them as a menu of options available to election-minded politicians. We analyze the use of these five policy responses to payments difficulties for a large sample of countries since the early 1970s. We argue that governments try to minimize political costs by adopting less transparent policies first and only moving to more visible policies as necessary, delaying the most visible and politically costly policies until after elections. The evidence is consistent with these claims: governments are more likely to draw down reserves and impose capital controls before other options. If these policies do not succeed, they tend to raise interest rates. If further action is needed, they delay devaluations and trade protection until after elections.     

China's Financial Fragility and Policy Responses

This article discusses the problems facing China in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. Chinas has so far (September 1998) avoided devaluation of its currency, but growth has slowed down and much more economic reform is needed, especially of the fragile banking system. The article focuses on China's financial fragility and outlines the required policy measures.     

China＇s Regional Disparity and Its Policy Responses

The fruits of China＇s rapid economic development over the 3 decades have not been distributed fairly across different regions. Using data from a sample of 815 Chinese listed firrns during 1998-2004, our error-correction investment model showes evidence of different financial constraints on firms＇ investment in different regions. We argue that China＇s regional development policies have contributed greatly to the regional inequalities. To control the rising inequality, China has shifted its focus from the coast to the interior regions. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the government to direct the economy, as market mechanisms now have afar greater influence on the economy than the government does. The people-centered approach of the current leadership has meant that substantial attention has been placed on regional development disparities in an attempt to build a ＂harmonious society. ＂ China needs further extensive reforms if all the measures for reducing regional disparity are to be effective.     

中日两国政府对国际金融危机的对策效应研究

为应对2008年由美国次贷危机引发的世界性金融危机,中日两国政府采取了一系列刺激性政策措施。通过对政策的具体分析并利用潜在变量——危机强度,研究刺激政策对金融危机和宏观经济的效果,结果得出,中日两国均采取了积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策。两国政府采取的经济刺激政策对应对金融危机均有所成效,危机强度的走势日本比中国更理想,中国的危机强度比较随机。中日两国的经济刺激政策都改善了GDP、就业、通货膨胀、贸易差额等主要宏观经济指标,但在中国出现了通货膨胀,在日本产生了经济衰退和通货紧缩等问题。     

Lessons from the 2008 Financial Crisis: Policy Responses to External Shocks in Uruguay

The 2008 global economic crisis affected the Uruguayan economy through two main channels: collapse in global trade and drop in capital flows. In response to the crisis, the Uruguayan government increased public consumption and investment and expanded social benefits to unemployed workers. We apply a computable general equilibrium model linked to microsimulations to analyze the distributional impacts of these policies and assess their effectiveness. We find that an increase in public investment was the only policy effective in mitigating the negative impact of the crisis on extreme poverty. The other policies reinforced the negative impact of the crisis on the poor. All three policies are costly and have an important impact on macroeconomic variables and the structure of production and export, while they have only slight or negative results on poverty and household income. More focalized policies, such as direct cash transfers, might have better results in terms of cost‐benefit.     

The European Monetary Policy Responses During the Pandemic Crisis

This paper uses an event-based analysis to describe how the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) policy responses to the pandemic crisis have affected the European financial and economic system. The result of our exercise, which is based on the examination of the main measures taken by the ECB during 2020, is that these responses have positively affected the European economic system by improving banks’ lending activity and by indirectly creating room for expansionary fiscal policies in the euro area’s high-debt countries that do not have fiscal capacity.

     

汇率制度演变与宏观经济绩效：文献回顾

本文回顾了利用不同汇率制度分类方法对汇率制度演变、假说与争议以及汇率制度与宏观经济绩效之间关系的研究。本文发现：一,由于;12率制度分类方法的不同,经验研究对汇率制度演变及其发展趋势得出了不同的结论;二,同样由于分类方法的不同,经验研究对不同;12率制度下的宏观经济表现也不能形成一致的看法,并且,经验结果与理论预测之间存在非常大的鸿沟;三,一国政府在;12率制度安排上的言行不一致极大地影响了一国的宏观经济绩效。这些发现促使经济学家重新审视不同汇率制度的优劣和对汇率制度选择的理论研究。     

金融危机后东亚五国的汇率制度调整

东亚金融危机之后,东亚五国对汇率制度进行了调整,大部分国家都采用了更加灵活的管理浮动汇率。2005年起,由于美元贬值,东亚各国兑美元汇率大幅升值,且加大了波动。通过对东亚五国汇率制度调整的研究,本文认为,通过对资本流动的管制和对外汇市场的干预,维持管理浮动汇率制度,东亚五国的汇率政策调整取得了成功。     

Exchange-rate uncertainty and foreign direct investment in the United States

Zusammenfassung Ungewi?heit über Wechselkurse und Zustrom ausl?ndischer Direkt-investitionen in die Vereinigten Staaten. - In diesem Aufsatz wird zun?chst versucht zu kl?ren, auf welche Weise die Ungewi?heit über die Entwicklung der Wechselkurse die ausl?ndischen Direktinvestitionen beeinflu?t, und danach werden solche Wirkungen auf den Zuflu? ausl?ndischer Direktinvestitionen in die Vereinigten Staaten getestet. Die theoretischen Wirkungen erwarteter Aufwertungen und von Risiken sind im allgemeinen nicht eindeutig und h?ngen von der Produktions- und Absatzstruktur des multinationalen Unternehmens ab. Im empirischen Teil zeigt sich, da? die Zuflüsse von Direktinvestitionen in die Vereinigten Staaten aus fünf anderen L?ndern in signifikantem Ma?e negativ mit einer erwarteten Dollar-Aufwertung und positiv mit einer Erh?hung der Wechselkursvariabilit?t verbunden sind. Dieses Ergebnis ist konsistent mit den drei Typen von multinationalen Unternehmen, die sich in ihrer Produktions- und Absatzstruktur unterscheiden und in dieser Arbeit betrachtet werden.

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Résumé Incertitude de taux de change et investissement direct étranger dans les Etats Unis. - Cet article essaie de classifier les possibilités différentes de l’influence de l’incertitude de taux de change sur l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) et puis teste les effets des influx américains IDE. Les effets théoriques d’une révalorisation attendue aussi bien que du risque sont ambigus et dépendent de la structure de la production et des ventes de l’entreprise multinationale. Empiriquement, les influx américains IDE d’origine de cinq autres pays sont négativement associés avec la révalorisation attendue du dollar et positivement avec la variabilité accrue du taux de change. Cela est consistent avec trois structures spécifiques d’entreprise multinationale analysées dans l’article.

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Resumen La incertidumbre de la tasa de cambio e inversiones extrajeras en los EE UU. - En este trabajo se intentan clarificar las formas en las cuales la incertidumbre de la tasa de cambio puede afectar a la inversión extranjera y someter estas hipótesis a un test empírico en el caso de las inversiones extranjeras en los EE UU. Teóricamente los efectos de una revaluación esperada y del riesgo son ambiguos, dependiendo de la estructura de la production y de las ventas de la empresa multinational. Empíricamente las inversiones extranjeras en los EE UU con origen en cinco países resultan estar asociadas negativamente con la revaluación esperada del dólar y positivamente con una más alta variabilidad de la tasa de cambio. Esto es consistente con tres structuras específicas de empresas multinationales tratadas en este trabajo.

     

Exchange-rate Attack as a Coordination Game: Theory and Experimental Evidence

This paper compares theoretical predictions for a coordinationgame, used to explain the onset of a currency crisis, with observationsfrom laboratory experiments. Theories that assume full rationalitysuggest that public information may destabilize an economy bycreating self-fulfilling belief equilibria, while private informationleads to a unique equilibrium. In experiments, differences inbehaviour for these two kinds of information are small. Publicinformation increases efficiency and coordination among players,and there is no evidence for destabilizing effects owing toself-fulfilling beliefs.     

Exchange-rate regimes for emerging markets: moral hazard and international overborrowing

This paper investigates the role of the exchange-rate regimein a simple Fisherian model of the overborrowing syndrome. Wheredomestic banks are subject to moral hazard, the choice of exchange-rateregime may have important implications for the macroeconomicstability of the economy. Banks that enjoy government guaranteeshave an incentive to increase foreign borrowing and incur foreign-exchangerisks that are underwritten by the deposit insurance system.In the absence of capital controls, this increases the magnitudeof overborrowing and leaves the economy both more vulnerableto speculative attack and more exposed to the real economicconsequences of such an attack. While 'bad' exchange-rate pegswill tend to exacerbate the problem of overborrowing in emergingmarkets, it is unclear that flexible exchange rate always dominatesfixed exchange rates. A 'good fix' - one that is credible andclose to purchasing power parity - may reduce the 'super riskpremium' in domestic interest rates and thereby narrow the marginof temptation for banks to overborrow internationally. Contraryto the current consensus regarding the lessons that should bedrawn from the Asian crisis, a good fix may better stabilizethe domestic economy while limiting moral hazard in the bankingsystem.     

Employee Movements from Audit Firms to Audit Clients

Regulators have expressed concerns about the “revolving door” between auditors and clients, whereby audit employees move directly from audit firms to audit clients (i.e., “direct alumni hires”). Regulators are concerned that these direct hires could compromise audit quality, partly because these employees could have previously audited their hiring company's financial statements. In contrast, we examine accounting and finance executives who move indirectly from audit firms to audit clients and who could not have previously audited the hiring company's financial statements (i.e., “indirect alumni hires”). We show that indirect hires occur more often than the direct hires that have concerned regulators. We predict and find that both direct and indirect alumni hires are associated with lower rates of executive turnover and audit firm turnover. However, there is no evidence that the reduced rates of executive turnover are explained by managerial entrenchment or that these hires are associated with lower audit quality. Overall, our findings suggest that direct and indirect employee movements from audit firms to audit clients are beneficial to executives, audit clients, and audit firms because they reduce the incidence of costly turnover.     

马来西亚陷入“中等收入陷阱”的原因和政策应对

"中等收入陷阱"是转型国家经济社会发展所面临的共同难题,马来西亚也面临同样的压力和困境。收入分配结构失衡,自主创新能力缺失,人力资源发展迟缓,腐败问题等掣肘马来西亚经济结构转型升级,制约马来西亚经济增长,也是马来西亚深陷"中等收入陷阱"的主要原因。     

China and the Global Financial Crisis： Assessing the Impacts and Policy Responses

The present paper explores the role of China in the creation of the current global financial crisis and the impacts of the crisis on its economy. It argues against the view that the ＂saving glut＂ in China （along with other Asian emerging economies） played a significant causal role in the crisis. The global financial crisis did not engender much damage in China＇s financial structure, thanks to the relatively closed, bank-centered financial system. However, the impacts on the ＂real＂ side of the Chinese economy were hard felt. Growth and employment have fallen, largely due to the decline in exports and foreign direct investment. The crisis reveals the vulnerability of the export-dependent growth pattern. Policy responses of the Chinese Government, including monetary, fiscal and social policies, have helped to stem the downfall of the economy in the immediate term, but some of the policies have not addressed the structural problems of the Chinese economy and might well aggravate such problems over time. The present paper proposes a tentative reform blueprint to rebalance the economy and to sustain long-term growth.