The Asian Currency Crises: Vulnerability, Contagion, or Unsustainability

The Asian currency crises have been introduced by many economists as evidence that almost any country could be vulnerable to speculative attacks and to contagion effects, even with apparently good economic fundamentals. These financial crises have also been interpreted by other economists as rational market reactions to the unsustainability of domestic macroeconomic policies or structural weaknesses. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the relative importance of macroeconomic unsustainability, financial vulnerability, and crisis contagion in a model that explains and predicts the Asian currency crises. Out-of-sample forecasts based on two-stage panel and logit regressions provide evidence of a pure contagion effect, which significantly worsened the crises. They also show that Indonesia was the only one of the six Asian nations examined (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand) that was in an unsustainable economic situation, and that the other five nations were only vulnerable to a currency crisis.     

金融生态与银行危机传导

本文运用生态学原理与方法,从金融生态的基本特征入手,分析了银行危机传导机制,并提出了防范银行危机传导的对策措施。     

理性政府下的货币危机及其传染

在理性政府的假设下，货币危机均衡具有多重性、唯一性以及传染性。在货币投机攻击成本和收益固定的模型中，经济基本面处于危机区时，基本面的不确定性并不能消除多重均衡；当货币投机攻击成本和收益都与经济基本面相关时，不管是静态模型还是动态模型，货币危机的均衡都是唯一的。而当其他国家的货币贬值时，本国维持固定汇率的收益和放弃固定汇率的信誉损失均下降，致使本国政府倾向于放弃固定汇率。     

Explaining Russia's Currency and Financial Crisis

The paper attempts to sketch a framework for understanding Russia's August 1998 financial and currency crises with reference to the main theories put forward so far. Our thesis is that, while not fitting easily into any pre-existing framework, the Russian crises shares many features of first-generation models inasmuch as it was largely due to inconsistencies among an overvalued peg, tight money, and an evident inability to address the fiscal deficit. In other terms, it derived from the incompatibility between standard IMF stabilisation policies and the difficulties that Russia was facing as a transition economy. On the other hand, by touching both currency markets and the banking sector, the Russian Episode shares also important features of the twin crises framework.The analysis considers the role of exchange rate movements and capital flows on Russia's rising vulnerability, fiscal problems and the building up of the public debt. It assesses the state of the Russian Banking sector and discusses the contagion effects of the Asian crisis and policy response. It shows how the core of the Russian crises lies in an unsound, IMF-backed, defence of the rouble, which in 1998 had become increasingly unsustainable.     

Turkish Currency Crisis of 2000–2001, Revisited

Turkey’s exchange rate based stabilization programme had collapsed within just 11 months of its implementation in the midst of a liquidity crunch in November 2000 caused by a reversal in the capital inflow. The onset of the stabilization programme created ample opportunities for speculative investors to make relatively safe one‐sided bets, and the initial success of the programme in bringing down interest rates implied substantial capital gains over securities obtained in 1999 and early stages of the programme. It was only natural that speculative investors would take the opportunity to realize these gains while the firm exchange rate commitment was still in place. The programme failed to deal with this contingency effectively, assuming that as long as it was implemented faithfully, long‐term investors would be forthcoming to takeover positions speculators would want to unload. That assumption proved disastrously wrong.     

货币危机的传染及防范研究

文章介绍了第一代货币危机模型和第二代货币危机模型的基本观点,在此基础上讨论了亚洲货币危机中货币危机的蔓延机理,并对我国货币危机的防范提出了几点建议。     

经济全球化、风险分担机制变迁与货币危机

金融体系风险分担机制包括银行中介的跨期风险分担机制和金融市场的横向风险分担机制.经济全球化条件下,资本跨国流动导致全球投资组合的优势凸现,银行资金流向金融市场,导致金融体系风险分担机制发生变迁,金融市场横向风险分担机制侵蚀银行中介跨期风险分担机制,而金融市场横向风险分担机制无法有效分担系统性风险,因此,金融体系更易受到外部系统性冲击的影响.增加了货币危机发生的概率.通过建立风险分担系数,使用88个国家的数据实证检验金融体系风险分担机制变迁对货币危机的影响,结果显示,金融体系风险分担机制变迁可以显著增加货币危机发生的概率.     

Partial Delegation in a Model of Currency Crisis

This paper shows that, in a fixed exchange-rate system with an escape clause, delegating the decision on the magnitude of realignment to an inflation-averse central banker reduces the range of realignment costs for which the policy-maker necessarily devalues. Stressing the influence of devaluation expectations on currency crises, it is also shown that this strategy of delegation reduces the width of the multiple equilibria zone within which self-fulfilling crises occur, thus promoting further the exchange-rate system's stability. The higher the central banker's degree of inflation aversion, the greater is this reduction.     

国内信贷、外汇储备与货币供给关系的研究——中国货币供给内生性的逻辑与实证

文章建立了国内信贷、外汇储备与货币供给之间关系的逻辑模型,以此讨论近年来中国货币供给的内生性。同时,利用中国2000年至2006年的月度数据建立了国内信贷、外汇储备与货币供给的误差修正模型,并对三变量进行了Granger因果关系的检验。结果表明:国内信贷、外汇储备与货币供给之间存在长期的稳定关系,国内信贷、外汇储备与货币供给之间存在双向的Granger因果关系。在实证分析的基础上,提出了相应的政策建议。     

The 1997 Asian Currency Crisis,Financial Linkages,and the Monetary Policy of Japan

The evidence is examined that excessively liberal monetary policy by the Bank of Japan, before and after the financial collapse of Japan in 1992, may have led other East Asian economies into “over‐borrowing” and speculative investments, prior to the currency crisis in 1997–98. The authors test for cointegration and Granger causality between Japanese money supply M1 and the domestic investment of eight East Asian economies and Australia. US and German money supplies are also used as a benchmark. There is strong evidence that there are long‐ and short‐run causal relationships between the Japanese money supply and the domestic investment of the Asian crisis‐inflicted economies prior to 1997.     

本币升值冲击与银行业危机——基于货币错配视角的中国经验

本文通过资产负债表分析框架构建了本币升值通过银行的资产负债表渠道引起银行危机的模型.结论认为本币升值与银行及其客户存在相当多的净外币资产型货币错配的情况下,如果本币升值幅度很大,则可能引起银行部门的危机.实证检验表明在人民币升值背景下我国商业银行因债权型货币错配造成的净值损失与银行无清偿能力风险指数呈正相关关系,这表明货币错配风险对我国商业银行的稳定性有不利影响.     

货币危机预警理论及实证比较研究——兼对中国的模拟分析及启示

随着我国汇率制度改革的不断深入,人民币汇率浮动的幅度扩大,汇率对经济的调节功能日益显现。这同时也增大了我国的货币风险。文章在论述东南亚金融危机后货币危机理论最新发展的基础上,从理论和实证角度比较了五种货币危机预警模型的预警效果、优缺点,并对预警模型在我国的模拟应用作了探讨。     

金融危机中外汇储备与货币互换运用解析

面对2008年金融危机的严重冲击,新兴发展经济体纷纷动用外汇储备来积极应对,主要表现为两种模式:一种是以韩国为代表的大量运用外汇储备模式；另一种是以巴西、智利等为代表的新兴发展经济体有限运用外汇储备兼用货币贬值模式.两种模式实践均表明,外汇储备所具备的自我保障功能有限,应运用货币互换等新工具予以补充.     

Asian Currency Crisis and the International Monetary Fund, 10 Years Later: Overview*

This paper is an overview of the Asian currency crisis in Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea in 1997–1998, with an emphasis on the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It provides a detailed account of the development of the crisis and analyses and evaluates the content of IMF advice and its consequences. The size of the IMF package for each of these three countries is judged to have been too small. This paper also has a comparative perspective; the Mexican crisis is reviewed as a precursor to the Asian crisis to see what the IMF learned, and how it prepared, for future crises. The causes of the crises and IMF conditionality for the post‐Asian crisis countries, Russia, Brazil, Turkey, and Argentina, are also compared to the Asian crisis countries. By agreeing to maintain a fixed exchange rate, for example, the IMF is judged to have been “softer” in its approach to the post‐Asian crisis countries.     

货币错配与银行危机和货币危机

货币错配是新兴市场在经济全球化过程中所无法避免的问题,它具有净外币负债和净外币资产两种表现形式.在新兴市场中,只要其银行体系存在大规模的货币错配,不管表现为哪一种形式,都会增加其金融体系的脆弱性;而且在宏观或微观经济基本面恶化的情况下,可能引发银行危机甚至是货币危机.此外,当出现不利冲击时,银行体系中存在货币错配将会导致其资产和负债的期限错配进一步恶化.     

Contagion of the Global Financial Crisis and the real economy: A regional analysis

This paper investigates the contagion effects of the Global Financial Crisis (2007–2009) by examining ten sectors in six developed and emerging regions during different phases of the crisis. The analysis tests different channels of financial contagion across regions and real economy sectors by utilizing dynamic conditional correlation from the multivariate Fractionally Integrated Asymmetric Power ARCH (FIAPARCH) model. Evidence shows that the GFC can be characterized by contagion effects across regional stock markets and regional financial and non-financial sectors.However, Developed Pacific region and some sectors in particular Consumer Goods, Healthcare and Technology across all regions seem to be less affected by the crisis, while the most vulnerable sectors are observed in the emerging Asian and European regions. Further, the analysis on a crisis phase level indicates that the most severe contagion effects exist after the failure of Lehman Brothers limiting the effectiveness of portfolio diversification.     

Housing Market Bubbles and the Currency Crisis: The Case of Thailand

This paper explains with a simple model the collapse of the housing market in Thailand before the 1997 economic crisis. It shows that successive periods of impressive growth of the economy created not only higher demands for housing, but also an increase in people's optimism about market conditions in the future. Both oversupply and bubbles were formed before the market finally crashed. The model explains some of these phenomena, and describes the nature of the bubbles. An ironic possibility is that a faster and more persistent growth of the economy tends to increase the vulnerability of the firms in the market.JEL Classification Numbers: F14, O11, O53.