The impact of offshore exchange rate expectations on onshore exchange rates: The case of Chinese RMB

This paper examines the impact of offshore RMB exchange rate expectations on onshore RMB (CNY) exchange rates. Employing data for the period of 2005–2018, we show that overall offshore market expectations influence onshore RMB rates, but this effect is significant only for the period after the “Second exchange rate regime reform” in 2010. The non-uniform nature of this impact is also confirmed by the existence of a threshold effect of the expectations in the same period. The study improves our understanding of how the offshore RMB market influences onshore RMB spot rates as a result of the marketization reform of the RMB exchange rate regime.     

Inclusion of the RMB in SDRs and the impossible trinity in China

This paper explores the dynamics and features of the impossible trinity configuration in China, in the process of reforming the renminbi (RMB) exchange rate and inclusion in the currency basket of special drawing rights (SDR). By applying the synthetic model of Ito and Kawai (2014) and Aizenman et al. (2008) to Chinese data for the period between 2002 and 2019, we find structural breaks in China’s exchange rate stability in 2005, when China started its market-oriented exchange rate reform, and 2016, when the RMB was included in the SDR. More importantly, we find that, in the process of RMB exchange rate reform and RMB’s inclusion in the SDR, China has adopted a more flexible exchange rate regime, becoming more financially open, monetarily independent, and less reliant on international reserves hoarding.     

Incorporating the RMB internationalization effect into its exchange rate volatility forecasting

Recently, the Chinese government has launched the renminbi (RMB) internationalization policy as an impetus to foster China’s global economic integration. The RMB internationalization effect on China’s economy and the RMB exchange rate has attracted massive attention in recent financial research. In this paper, we adopt a genetic programming (GP) method to generate new RMB exchange rate volatility forecasting models incorporating the RMB internationalization effect. Our models are proved to have significant accuracy improvement in predicting both RMB/US dollar and RMB/euro exchange rate volatilities, compared with standard GARCH volatility models, which are incapable of capturing the RMB internationalization effect. Furthermore, our models display salient practical implications for policy makers to formulate monetary policies and currency traders to design effective trading strategies.     

人民币汇率增加弹性和参考一篮子货币汇率形成机制研究

在央行货币政策目标下,可以确定最优汇率水平及汇率水平的调整。我国外汇体制改革要建立以市场供求为基础的,参考一篮子货币的有管理的浮动汇率制度,央行的汇率目标应由人民币对美元稳定转变为参考人民币有效汇率目标,确保人民币币值的总体水平稳定。实际上,参考篮子货币,人民币对美元汇率的弹性将显著增加。央行应逐步放宽人民币对美元和非美元货币的波动幅度,人民币汇率最终将由市场供求来决定,发挥汇率配置资源的基础作用。     

Order flow in the South: Anatomy of the Brazilian FX market

This paper analyses one of the main pillars of Brazil's newly found economic resilience: a maturing FX market providing support to its managed floating exchange rate regime. I develop a microstructure model suitable to describe the Brazilian FX market, an emerging economy frequently subjected to sudden stops in capital flows. The model introduces two major changes relative to previous microstructure models. First, dealers may decide to hold overnight positions in the FX market if they find it profitable to do so. Second, customers’ demand for foreign exchange is a function of macroeconomic fundamentals, including contemporaneous feedback from exchange rate movements. The main predictions of the model are supported by a unique data set, covering all transactions between dealers and customers from the official Brazilian FX market from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2003 (a time period in which Brazil suffered two severe external liquidity shocks).     

我国人民币汇率制度变迁动因的制度经济学透视

从基于制度经济学的视角来透视2005年7月21日中国所做出的重大汇率改革决策。尤其以制度变迁理论来探讨此次汇率制度变迁的动因和模式,并结合大量的近期数据考察汇率制度改革的经济效果;同时预测了未来人民币汇率改革的方向与重点。     

新形势下我国离岸金融市场的风险及监管

由于人民币国际化进程的加快,未来我国离岸金融市场将步入一个新的发展时期。离岸金融业务本身蕴含着多种风险,且在一定条件下这些风险易于转化和转移。因此,对于风险的控制要加以重视,以保证离岸市场健康有序地发展。本文分析了我国离岸金融市场面临的风险及其影响,并主要从政府和金融当局层面提出了监管建议。     

“汇改”后汇率变动对股票市场的影响——基于具体行业股票收益率的实证分析

使用GARCH和分位数回归模型,以11个具体行业上市公司为样本,对2005年7月＂汇改＂后人民币汇率变动与股票市场中行业股票收益率波动的相关性进行分析,研究结果表明：相对于即期汇率,以远期汇率为代表的汇率预期对行业股票收益率影响更为明显;预期汇率对行业股票收益率的影响具有明显的阶段性特征;在第一阶段,受远期汇率影响的行业主要对远期汇率的升值比较关注,而在第三阶段,不同行业对即期汇率和远期汇率的反应呈现多样化。     

Determinants of European stock market integration

We analyse the determinants of stock market integration among EU member states for the period 1999–2007. First, we apply bivariate DCC-MGARCH models to extract dynamic conditional correlations between European stock markets, which are then explained by interest rate spreads, exchange rate risk, market capitalisation, and business cycle synchronisation in a pooled OLS model. By grouping the countries into euro area countries, “old” EU member states outside the euro area, and new EU member states, we also evaluate the impact of euro introduction and the European unification process on stock market integration. We find a significant trend toward more stock market integration, which is enhanced by the size of relative and absolute market capitalisation and hindered by foreign exchange risk between old member states and the euro area. Interest rate spreads and business cycle synchronisation are also significant factors in explaining equity market integration.     

The impact of the shutdown policy on the asymmetric interdependence structure and risk transmission of cryptocurrency and China’s financial market

By taking Bitcoin, Litecoin, and China’s gold and RMB/US dollar exchange rate market as research objects, this paper apply the MF-ADCCA and time-delayed DCCA methods to study the impact of China’s mainland shutdown of cryptocurrencies trading on the non-linear interdependent structure and risk transmission of cryptocurrencies and its financial market. Empirical results show that the cross-correlation between cryptocurrencies and China’s financial market has a long memory and asymmetric multifractal characteristics. After the shutdown, the long memory between cryptocurrencies and Chinese gold has weakened, and the long memory between cryptocurrencies and the RMB/US dollar exchange rate market was strengthened. China’s shutdown policy has a certain risk prevention effect. Specifically, after the implementation of the policy, the risk transmission of cryptocurrencies to China’s financial market has weakened, but the influence of China’s financial market has gradually strengthened.     

人民币汇率:缓解升值压力,加快制度改革

近一段时间人民币汇率在内外因的共同作用下升值压力巨大,盯住美元的固定汇率制度已经不符合当前中国的经济形势,但是完全放开人民币汇率让其自由浮动在现有条件下也是行不通的,以市场供求为基础的有管理的浮动汇率制度才是目前的最佳选择。     

人民币汇率变动对中国进出口贸易的影响分析

1994年人民币汇率并轨以来,我国对外贸易发展迅速。2005年进出口总值达14224.4亿美元,外贸依存度超过70%,进出口贸易的快速增长有力地促进了国民经济的发展。2005年7月人民币汇率制度改革初步确立了人民币长期升值趋势,人民币兑美元名义汇率至今已升值约3.3%。理论上,人民币升值将影响到我国进出口贸易的健康发展。本文基于克莱因模型,采用1999￣2005年季度数据,建立我国进口、出口的自回归双对数模型,深入分析人民币汇率变动对我国实际进出口的影响,以期为对外贸易政策的制定和宏观调控提供决策依据。     

中国股市与汇市波动溢出效应研究

以上证综合指数和人民币兑美元名义汇率为指标,运用多元GARCH模型对中国股票市场和外汇市场之间的波动溢出效应进行实证研究。结果表明：汇率制度改革后,我国股市与汇市存在显著的双向波动溢出效应;汇市对股市表现出较强的波动传导,而股市对汇市的波动传递则相对较弱,存在着波动传导的非对称性。     

金融市场建设对人民币国际化的作用分析

中国作为一个发展中大国在世界经济中的地位日渐提升,以及全球金融危机暴露出来现行国际货币体系的诸多弊端与国际货币多元化的必要性,人民币国际地位问题也吸引了越来越多的关注。但是由于我国的金融市场尚不发达、金融衍生产品比较匮乏、以及利率与汇率的市场化尚未实现等因素,可能会制约着人民币国际化的步伐。本文从人民币国际化的含义、条件及构建发达的金融系统对人民币国际化的重要作用等方面系统地分析了我国目前金融市场发展的状况,从加强我国金融市场建设方面阐述了人民币国际化的措施。     

关于人民币汇率机制的存在问题及改革初探

人民币汇率问题成为中国经济问题的焦点之一。本文从人民币汇率机制的历史演变的基础上出发,指明了现行人民币汇率机制存在的一些特点,进而得出了现行人民币汇率机制存在问题――强制结汇售汇存在缺陷,人民币缺乏弹性,外汇市场不完善。最后本文在此基础上提出了一些改革人民币汇率机制的建议。     

Central bank transparency and financial market expectations: The case of emerging markets

In this paper, we study how central bank transparency influences the formation of money market expectations in emerging markets. The sample covers 25 countries for the period from January 1998 to December 2009. We find, first, that transparency reduces the bias (the difference between the money market rate and the weighted expected target rate over the contract period) in money market expectations. The effect is larger for countries with no exchange rate peg and countries with low income. Second, an intermediate level of transparency is found to have the most favorable influence on money market expectations: neither complete secrecy nor complete transparency is optimal. Finally, all subcategories of the Eijffinger and Geraats (2006) index lead to a smaller bias in expectations, with political transparency having the largest effect.     

西方外汇干预预期传导途径理论演进——兼评当前金融经济形势下中国外汇干预实践

在西方各国从固定汇率制向浮动汇率制过渡的过程中,外汇干预的力度不仅没有被削弱,反而表现出不断加强的趋势。这与外汇干预稳定汇率预期、平滑经济波动的作用是密切相关的。中国自2005年7月宣布人民币汇率形成机制改革,参考一篮子货币进行调节以后,如何通过外汇干预引导市场预期,使汇率变动向有利于宏观经济稳定的方向发展,已成为学术界研究的热点。文章旨在总结西方国家外汇干预的预期传导途径理论,并将其与中国当前所面临的世界性次贷金融经济风险相结合,希望能为中国的外汇干预实践提供助力。     

Pricing‐to‐Market and Market Structure*

Stimulated by imperfect competition/sticky prices framework of the new open economy macroeconomics, empirical research has reconsidered the role of exchange rates in international adjustment. This paper reassesses the link between exchange rates and traded good prices by estimating pricing‐to‐market equations for the five main euro area countries over the period 1990–99. We minimize selection biases by keeping all manufacturing products and all destination markets and show that exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) is much larger, almost complete, than previously estimated. Thanks to a huge variability in terms of exchange rate variations, products and destination markets, we can map differences in ERPT into market structures and, at the same time, reconcile our results with the empirical literature. We find that ERPT is highly incomplete for sales by oligopolistic industries into advanced economies, indeed in the order of 50–60% as previously estimated. ERPT is instead almost complete in emerging and developing economies where therefore exchange rate movements can help adjust external imbalances. We also find that ERPT is largely asymmetric: it is almost complete after an appreciation of the exporter's currency, rather incomplete after a depreciation. This result is very robust across specifications.     

Continuous wavelet analysis of Chinese renminbi: Co-movement and lead-lag relationship between onshore and offshore exchange rates

This study examines the interdependence between the onshore (CNY) and offshore (CNH) Chinese renminbi exchange rates by employing continuous wavelet analysis. We pay particular attention to the effect of CNY exchange rate reform in 2015. We find that the interdependence between the CNY and CNH exchange rates has increased significantly following the 2015 reform. In addition, we find higher coherence for the lower frequencies than for the higher ones, suggesting that the interdependence between the two renminbi exchange rates is stronger over longer time horizons. Our evidence also indicates that, after the 2015 reform, the CNH tends to lead the CNY across almost all frequencies, except at the lowest frequency where the CNY leads the CNH.     

Exchange market pressure on the pound–dollar exchange rate: 1925–1931

This is a study of exchange market pressure against the pound sterling during the inter-war period. The main findings are that (a) the behavior of U.K. fundamentals relative to those of the U.S.A. helps to explain exchange market pressure against the pound; (b) during the run-up to devaluation in September 1931 the monetary authorities in the U.K. were acting to reduce domestic credit; but (c) additional pressure was brought against the pound from speculative sources. These findings relate to current thinking on the choice of exchange rate regime as even well-behaved fundamentals may not be sufficient to sustain a currency on its peg.