Driving factors of CO2 emission inequality in China: The role of government expenditure

China has reached a consensus regarding the total control of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions; however, regional emission inequalities still exist. The reduction of carbon emissions is a public good and indicates a strong positive externality, which is difficult to solve within the market. Such reductions are highly dependent on governmental contributions. Therefore, using the Theil index and the logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition approach, this paper integrates government expenditure into an analysis framework, investigating the driving factors of emission inequality and the status and changes of China's CO₂ emission inequality from 2007 to 2015, attributing emission inequality to disparities in governmental expenditures, energy consumption, and other socioeconomic factors. The empirical results show that imbalances in economic development, population distribution, and energy structure were prerequisites for a regional emission inequality, while disparities in government expenditure also played an important role. Among these factors, disparities in the expenditure structure were the main cause for emission inequality. The findings of this paper provide guidelines for the government to set carbon emission reduction quota and implement reasonable differentiated emission reduction policies.     

解决农民工社会保障问题的政府因素分析

农民工社会保障问题的解决是我国当前构建社会主义和谐社会的关键因素之一。从上世纪末开始,我国政府针对越来越多的进城务工农民的涌入以及由此而带来的众多社会问题,采取了一系列措施,在这些举措取得成效的同时,仍然显得不足。所以,对于农民工社会保障问题的解决,政府目前应分类分步骤从民工子女受教育、民工工会组织建立、民工权益保障立法等方面进行突破。     

对我国开征社会保障税的思考

一、社会保障税的内涵与模式.纵观世界各国，目前社会保障收入主要来源于如下几个方面：一是社会保障税(费)；二是政府的预算拨款，即政府的一般收入；三是社会保障基金的投资收益；四是各种形式的捐赠。社会保障税，又译成社会保险税，是为筹集社会保障基金而征收的一种专门目的税。有的国家薪给税)与社会保障税是作为一个税种征收的，二者具有相同的特征。     

试论西方国家社保制度对我国社会保障制度建立之启示

本文分析了我国从计划经济体制向市场经济体制转换的过程中社会保障体系作相应的转换以及存在的不足。西方福利制度的设计为我国社会保障体系的完善提供了一个参考,本文在分析西方福利制度的历史沿革和我国社会保障制度现状的基础上,对我国社会保障体制的改革提出了一些政策建议。     

对我国农村社会保障制度的研究

目前我国农村社保体系的建设严重滞后,已成为我国社保制度建设的薄弱环节,不仅严重阻碍了农业经济的发展和农村社会的进步,而且影响到农村和整个中国的经济安全与社会稳定,成为推动我国现代化建设和农村市场化改革的瓶颈性障碍。因此,建立有中国特色的农村社会保障体系已成为我国当前的一个现实问题。     

我国社会保障体系的建立和完善

社会保障制度是由国家和社会根据一定的法律和法规,为保证社会成员的基本生活权利而提供救助和补贴的一种制度。改革开放以来,我国初步建立了基本适应社会主义市场经济体制要求和生产力发展水平的社会保障体系和运行机制。本文分析了我国建立和完善社会保障体系的意义与对策。     

The race factor in social security

Conclusion A more complete analysis of the race factor in Social Security would expand from here in the following ways. First, projected earnings would be forecast for both races to compute race-specific benefit-tax ratios. Second, more complete family formation data would permit the projection of dependent-less benefit-producing events, not just spouse-less benefitproducing events. Additional computations would be performed for female workers and two-earner families. A satisfactory weight (or a rationale for the present one) would be assigned to survivor benefits. The end-result would be benefit-tax ratios for both races, not just for set-piece workers.     

The race factor in social security

Conclusion A more complete analysis of the race factor in Social Security would expand from here in the following ways. First, projected earnings would be forecast for both races to compute race-specific benefit-tax ratios. Second, more complete family formation data would permit the projection of dependent-less benefit-producing events, not just spouse-less benefit-producing events. Additional computations would be performed for female workers and two-earner families. A satisfactory weight (or a rationale for the present one) would be assigned to survivor benefits. The end-result would be benefit-tax ratios for both races, not just for set-piece workers.     

中国城市和农村社会保障制度比较研究

长期以来,我国社会保障法制度改革一直把重点放在城市,将农村放在次要位置,造成了城乡社会保障的落差。本文将中国城市和农村的社会保障制度进行了系统比较,分析了这种差距存在的原因,并提出我国的社会保障制度建设应坚持“城乡一体化”的原则,从而逐步缩小这种差距。     

How social security policies and economic transformation affect poverty and inequality: Lessons for South Africa

This article examines how various characteristics of social and economic policy frameworks affect poverty and inequality levels in developing countries, principally in Botswana and Mauritius. The research findings suggest that poverty and inequality are lower in countries with generous and broad-based – rather than pro-poor – social security policies, and where social policies are complemented by economic policies promoting economic transformation rather than mere economic growth. While South Africa's challenges of combating poverty and inequality are shaped by its own historical context, the lessons from other countries offer the opportunity to reflect on the social consequences of various social and economic policy mixtures. In particular, it may be worth considering how to bridge the divide between the economically productive contributors to social security policies and the economically marginalised beneficiaries of such policies.     

The effects of social security on population and output growth

"In this paper we have considered two unfunded social security programs. Under the conventional system, benefits are related to aggregate fertility; under the hypothetical fertility-related system, benefits are directly linked to individual fertility. The effects on fertility and per capita growth rates of the two social security systems are examined in the context of endogenous growth." The relative merits of the two systems for developing and developed countries are considered. The authors conclude that "the conventional social security system existing in many developed nations may be desirable to...developing countries in reducing population and promoting economic growth. On the other hand, the hypothetical fertility-related system may be useful to developed countries as far as increasing fertility is concerned."     

我国失地农民社会保障制度构建探析

随着我国城市化和工业化的推进,大量的土地被征用,许多农民失去了赖以生存的土地。在目前政府土地的补偿安置费用过低的情况下,当务之急是尽快构建有关失地农民的社会保障制度。     

The role of Malawian local government in community development

The promotion of basic elements of good governance including community involvement through a decentralised local governance system has been at the centre stage since the advent of the multiparty democracy in Malawi in the 1990s. This article examines the role of Malawian local government in community development and analyses the context of community involvement in local governance. The article is primarily based on documentary research, which includes journal and newspaper articles, and interviews with senior district assembly officials and local people. The major conclusions drawn are that, firstly, the decentralisation process tends to feature the district assembly very highly, with little clarity on how community-based institutions are integrated into the local government system. Secondly, the political, socio-economic and administrative factors prevailing at the local level need to be addressed pragmatically for efficient and effective community participation in development.     

人口结构、社会保障对广东省居民储蓄水平的影响

人口结构、社会保障关系到人们的储蓄与消费问题,本文将两者结合起来分析其对居民储蓄的影响,并运用广东省1990～2010年的数据对社会保障支出水平、老人赡养比、儿童抚养比与广东省居民储蓄进行验证。通过协整与误差修正模型研究发现:社会保障水平无论是在短期还是在长期都会对居民的储蓄水平产生影响,人口结构也是影响居民储蓄的一大因素,并在此基础上给出相应的建议。     

The inequality of nutrition intake among adults in China

This paper constructs a multidimensional Theil Index to estimate and decompose the inequality of nutrition intake among the adult population in China. Using 1991–2009 China Health and Nutrition Surveys (CHNS), this paper features two major findings. First, we show that the nutrition inequality has remained small in contrast to the large and increasing inequality in population income. Second, using Theil decompositions and Oaxaca–Blinder (O-B) decompositions, we find that, unlike income inequality, nature factors (such as age and gender) and regional factors play a more important role than socioeconomic factors in nutrition inequality. This finding provides a plausible explanation to the different time trends of nutrition inequality and income inequality. Moreover, it suggests that policies that aim to reduce the socioeconomic disparities may not automatically transfer to closing the gap in nutrition intake, which in turn is a potentially important determinant of population health and the long-term economic development.     

浅析我国社保基金保值增值运行状况

社保基金关系民生,是老百姓未来生活的保障金,它的保值增值尤为重要,因此,如何规避投资风险,通过合适的投资渠道实现社保基金的安全、保值和增值,成为社保基金运用的一个核心问题。本文通过对目前我国社保基金保值增值运行中各种投资手段的比较分析,提出完善委托投资机制,扩大投资范围,调整资产结构,促进投资多元化的建议,以达到分散投资、规避投资风险的目的。     

构建农民工社会保障制度的路径选择

近年,随着城镇社会保障制度改革的不断推进,农村进城务工人员的社会保障问题日益引起人们的关注,也成为政府和社会迫切需要解决的问题。建立农民工社会保障的思路是:转变观念,高度重视农民工社会保障制度建设;严格规范用工制度;建立分类分层次的农民工社会保障体系。     

Automation and inequality in China

In transitional economies, low wages imply sub-OECD yet growing labor shares of value added. China's rapid development has, however, seen a declining low-skill labor share and rising inequality. Here, a stylized model with three households and separable TFP and factor bias suggests a third of the decline in the low-skill share since 1994 is due to structural change and the rest mainly to skill-biased technical change. Expected future twists away from low-skill labor toward capital yield further inequality, moderated if strong TFP growth and population stability continue. But if the bias accompanies TFP shortfalls, worker displacement and rising inequality are in prospect.