Cointegration tests of present value models with a time-varying discount factor

The paper analyses the impact of persistence and volatility in the discount rate in present-value models on cointegration tests in levels and in logarithms. In simulations we find that the probability of not rejecting the null of no cointegration depends on the persistence of the discount rate process and can be very high when the expected returns process is highly persistent. In contrast, the cointegration tests are very robust with respect to the level of volatility in the discount rate. We discuss the relevance of our findings for the US stock market where standard ADF tests do not reject the null of no cointegration between stock prices and dividends. Based on estimates of persistence in four asset pricing models, we find that a model which links expected returns to the dividend yield is sufficiently persistent to explain the failure of rejecting the null that stock prices and dividends are not cointegrated.     

Quantile cointegrating regression

Quantile regression has important applications in risk management, portfolio optimization, and asset pricing. The current paper studies estimation, inference and financial applications of quantile regression with cointegrated time series. In addition, a new cointegration model with quantile-varying coefficients is proposed. In the proposed model, the value of cointegrating coefficients may be affected by the shocks and thus may vary over the innovation quantile. The proposed model may be viewed as a stochastic cointegration model which includes the conventional cointegration model as a special case. It also provides a useful complement to cointegration models with (G)ARCH effects. Asymptotic properties of the proposed model and limiting distribution of the cointegrating regression quantiles are derived. In the presence of endogenous regressors, fully-modified quantile regression estimators and augmented quantile cointegrating regression are proposed to remove the second order bias and nuisance parameters. Regression Wald tests are constructed based on the fully modified quantile regression estimators. An empirical application to stock index data highlights the potential of the proposed method.     

Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks*

This paper proposes a Lagrange multiplier (LM) test for the null hypothesis of cointegration that allows for the possibility of multiple structural breaks in both the level and trend of a cointegrated panel regression. The test is general enough to allow for endogenous regressors, serial correlation and an unknown number of breaks that may be located at different dates for different individuals. We derive the limiting distribution of the test and conduct a small Monte Carlo study to investigate its finite sample properties. In our empirical application to the solvency of the current account, we find evidence of cointegration between saving and investment once a level break is accommodated.     

Mean-variance portfolio selection of cointegrated assets

This paper considers the continuous-time mean-variance portfolio selection problem in a financial market in which asset prices are cointegrated. The asset price dynamics are then postulated as the diffusion limit of the corresponding discrete-time error-correction model of cointegrated time series. The problem is completely solved in the sense that solutions of the continuous-time portfolio policy and the efficient frontier are obtained as explicit and closed-form formulas. The analytical results are applied to pairs trading using cointegration techniques. Numerical examples show that identifying a cointegrated pair with a high mean-reversion rate can generate significant statistical arbitrage profits once the current state of the economy sufficiently departs from the long-term equilibrium. We propose an index to simultaneously measure the departure level of a cointegrated pair from equilibrium and the mean-reversion speed based on the mean-variance paradigm. An empirical example is given to illustrate the use of the theory in practice.     

Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data*

This paper proposes new error correction‐based cointegration tests for panel data. The limiting distributions of the tests are derived and critical values provided. Our simulation results suggest that the tests have good small‐sample properties with small size distortions and high power relative to other popular residual‐based panel cointegration tests. In our empirical application, we present evidence suggesting that international healthcare expenditures and GDP are cointegrated once the possibility of an invalid common factor restriction has been accounted for.     

The nexus between exchange rates and stock markets: evidence from the euro-dollar rate and composite European stock indices using rolling analysis

Both the goods market hypothesis and the portfolio balance theory, suggest a nexus between exchange rates and stock prices, albeit with a different direction of causality. This paper, using daily data, takes up the issue of the linkages between stock prices and exchange rates in the case of the euro-dollar rate and two composite European stock market indices: the FTSE Eurotop 300 and FTSE eTX All-Share Index. It addresses the causal ordering issue between the two markets using rolling unit root, cointegration and Granger causality tests. This methodological approach allows for the emergence of a clearer picture of the possible dynamic linkages between exchange rates and stock prices. The empirical results provide evidence of time-varying causality between the two markets.     

Random walks,cointegration, and the transmission of shocks across global real estate and equity markets

This article presents tests of the random walk hypothesis for the U.S. and world commercial real estate markets along with the world stock market through utilizing appropriate market indices. The augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron unit root tests and Cochrane variance ratio test find each of these markets to exhibit random walk behavior. In addition, Johansen-Juselius cointegration tests reveal that the three markets are not cointegrated. The vector autoregressive model shows little or no predictive power in explaining the variation in monthly returns. The generalized impulse response functions suggest that shocks stemming from one market are quickly disseminated to the other markets within two months. (JEL G14, G15)     

Monetary policy,global liquidity and commodity price dynamics

This paper examines the interactions between money, interest rates, goods and commodity prices at a global level. Aggregated data for major OECD countries are therefore analysed in a cointegrated VAR framework. Our empirical results for the period ranging from the 1970s to 2008 support the view that, when controlling for interest rate changes and thus different monetary policy stances, money (defined as a global liquidity aggregate) is still a key factor to determine the long-run homogeneity of commodity and goods prices movements.     

The Stock Market Crash Really Did Cause the Great Recession

This paper studies the connection between the stock market and the unemployment rate. I establish three facts. First, the log of the real value of the S&P 500 and the log of a logistic transformation of the unemployment rate are non‐stationary cointegrated series. Second, the stock market Granger causes the unemployment rate. Third, the connection between changes in the real value of the stock market and changes in the unemployment rate has remained structurally stable over seventy years. My results establish that the fall in the stock market in the autumn of 2008 provides a plausible causal explanation for the magnitude of the Great Recession.     

基于结构突变和截面相关的面板协整检验

本文基于Westerlund和Edgerton（2008）,考虑了无时间趋势和有时间趋势的面板协整检验。在检验协整时,本文不仅允许误差项存在异方差、序列相关以及截面相关,而且还允许各截面在截距和协整斜率上存在未知时点的多个突变点。蒙特卡洛模拟结果表明,（1）该检验的具有较小的水平扭曲和较高的检验势,（2）将模型拓展到不含有趋势项的情形是必要的。在此基础上,使用基于动态最小二乘估计量的新统计量对国际CO2排放和经济增长关系进行检验,发现在考虑了突变和截面相关的情形下,两者间的长期均衡关系确实存在。     

Testing for the cointegration rank when some cointegrating directions are changing

We develop some tests for characterizing the cointegration space of a cointegrated vector autoregressive model when its long-run parameters are modified by a structural break at a known date. We first consider the case in which the break does not affect the loading factors and second the more general one in which all long-run parameters change. For each configuration, we design procedures to test for the cointegration rank as for the number of directions which are changing between the two regimes. For the simplest case, the cointegration rank test is also extended to the case of an unknown date of shift.     

Modeling tourism: A fully identified VECM approach

System-based cointegration methods have become popular tools for economic analysis and forecasting. However, the identification of structural relationships is often problematic. Using a theory-directed sequential reduction method suggested by Hall, Henry and Greenslade [Hall, S. G., Henry, S., & Greenslade, J. (2002). On the identification of cointegrated systems in small samples: A modelling strategy with an application to UK wages and prices. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 26, 1517–1537], we estimate a vector error correction model of Hawaii tourism, where both demand and supply-side influences are important. We identify reasonable long-run equilibrium relationships, and Diebold–Mariano tests for forecast accuracy demonstrate satisfactory forecasting performance.     

Structural breaks in the correlations between Asian and US stock markets

The study explores the structural breaks in the correlations between nine Asian stock markets and the US stock market. This study employs the EGARCH-DCC model to obtain the daily correlations between Asian and the US stock markets, and use the method of Carrion-i-Silvestre (2005) to detect the structural breaks. The empirical results indicate there are multiple breaks in the correlations and imply that both 2001 Dot-com bubble and 2008 financial crisis have impacts on the correlations between Asian and the US markets. These results bring the crucial insights for the portfolio strategy of international investors.     

The housing bubble in real-time: the end of innocence

Market agents suffering through unanticipated boom-bust cycles would find extremely useful analytical techniques capable of serving as an early warning system. Unobserved components models and cointegration analysis are valuable in this respect. The stylized facts from unobserved components models alone do not suffice, but coupled with results from the Johansen cointegration test provided early evidence of the housing bubble and of its denouement. The paper uses real-time data vintages and shows that by 1998 the relationship between the smoothed growth rates of house prices and of per capita income was in uncharted territory. Moreover, the actual growth rates are cointegrated. This is important, as it establishes that any disequilibrium between the two becomes less tenable as its magnitude increases. By 2003, the disequilibrium was spectacular, yet it grew for another 4 years. In effect, we did not have to wait until 2008; the gruesome ending was predictable ex ante. Ironically, the greatest financial delusion of all occurred in an age that revered rationality, market efficiency, and the financial enlightenment of the TBTF actors. The empirical findings of this paper are a major problem for the rational expectations hypothesis and the remnants of the EMH.     

A fractional cointegration analysis of Fisher hypothesis: evidence from Turkey

This paper examines the validity of Fisher hypothesis in Turkey over the period from 1990:01 through 2010:03 by using cointegration and fractional cointegration approaches. The findings from Engle and Granger cointegration test indicate that inflation and nominal interest rate series are cointegrated. Since the conventional cointegration tests do not provide strong evidence on the long run relationship, we also use fractional cointegration definition suggested by Cheung and Lai (J Bus Econ Stat 11:103–112, 1993) which requires only a mean reverting (d < 1) relationship between the series. The results from fractional cointegration tests based on GPH and Robinson methods show that inflation and nominal interest rate series are fractionally cointegrated. These findings support the validity of the Fisher hypothesis in Turkey.     

Permanent-transitory Decomposition in Var Models With Cointegration and Common Cycles

In this paper we derive permanent-transitory decompositions of non-stationary multiple times series generated by (r)nite order Gaussian VAR(p) models with both cointegration and serial correlation common features. We extend existing analyses to the two classes of reduced rank structures discussed in Hecq, Palm and Urbain (1998). Using the corresponding state space representation of cointegrated VAR models in vector error correction form we show how decomposition can be obtained even in the case where the number of common feature and cointegration vectors are not equal to the number of variables. As empirical analysis of US business fluctuations shows the practical relevance of the approach we propose.     

Lasso-based index tracking and statistical arbitrage long-short strategies

In this paper, we apply the lasso-type regression to solve the index tracking (IT) and the long-short investing strategies. In both cases, our objective is to exploit the mean-reverting properties of prices as reported in the literature. This method is an interesting technique for portfolio selection due to its capacity to perform variable selection in linear regression and to solve high-dimensional problems (which is the case if we consider broader indexes such as the S&P 500 or the Russell 1000). We use lasso to solve IT and long-short with three market benchmarks (S&P 100 and Russell 1000 – US stock market; and Ibovespa – Brazilian market), comprising data from 2010 to 2017. Also, we formed IT portfolios using cointegration (a method widely used for index tracking) to have a basis for comparison of the results using lasso. The findings for IT showed similar overall performance between portfolios using lasso and cointegration, with a slight advantage to cointegration in some cases. Nonetheless, lasso-based IT portfolios presented average monthly turnover at least 40% smaller, indicating that lasso generated portfolios that had not only a consistent tracking performance but also a considerable advantage in terms of transaction costs (represented by the average turnover).     

Does the stock market really cause unemployment? A cross-country analysis

This study examines the relationship between the stock market and unemployment in 30 advanced and 11 developing and emerging countries. The results show that the unemployment rate and stock prices are cointegrated in all country groups; further, the causality between stock prices and unemployment appears in all country groups. Specifically, I found a particularly strong and one-way causal direction from stock prices to the unemployment rate in G7 countries. There is a strong bilateral causal relationship between stock prices and unemployment for other advanced countries. However, in the 11 developing and emerging countries, the causality test results indicate a strong Granger causality from unemployment to stock prices. The results for developing and emerging countries suggest that the unemployment rate can help forecast stock prices, but not vice versa. These findings complement existing studies and deliver useful implications for investors and policymakers, and suggest some new lines for future research.     

A Simple Test for Cointegration in Dependent Panels with Structural Breaks*

This paper develops a very simple test for the null hypothesis of no cointegration in panel data. The test is general enough to allow for heteroskedastic and serially correlated errors, unit‐specific time trends, cross‐sectional dependence and unknown structural breaks in both the intercept and slope of the cointegrated regression, which may be located at different dates for different units. The limiting distribution of the test is derived, and is found to be normal and free of nuisance parameters under the null. A small simulation study is also conducted to investigate the small‐sample properties of the test. In our empirical application, we provide new evidence concerning the purchasing power parity hypothesis.