Trading House Price Risk with Existing Futures Contracts

This paper examines the use of futures contracts to hedge residential real estate price risk. We examine whether existing futures contacts can effectively be used to offset volatility in national house prices. Little evidence of any simple systematic relation between national prices and futures prices is found. Since house prices are not easily replicated with a portfolio of existing futures contracts, a further implication is that the Chicago Mercantile’s introduction of a financial asset whose value reflects house prices will help complete the market. Nevertheless, the success of the CME’s new derivative contracts may be limited in light of state and regional house price correlations.

Risk management of real estate: The case of real estate swaps

Real estate swaps are a recent financial innovation based upon the principle of comparative advantage. A real estate swap is a useful tool for real estate risk management and for participating in real estate investment without the high costs associated with real estate. Potential economic benefits and costs associated with real estate swaps are considered and real estate swaps are compared to alternative tools for real estate risk management. The expected utility and effectiveness of risk management with a swap in a multiperiod framework are analyzed. The analysis finds that the subject property's return and its risk characteristics (as reflected in its correlation with interest rate and property index returns) delimit the risk management potential of a given swap position. Optimal swap positions are shown for various regions and property types based on historical return series, from the period between 1983 and 1992, and the parameters of the dynamic model developed.     

Do Savings Associations Have a Special Commitment to Housing?

In this paper, we investigate whether elimination of the savings association charter might reduce lending to nontraditional mortgage borrowers. We present a theoretical model of lender portfolio choice, in which nontraditional lenders have some market power and traditional lenders are price takers in the mortgage market. The comparative statics indicate differences between nontraditional and traditional lenders in terms of their asset allocation responses to changes in borrower income and house prices. Empirical tests indicate the absence of such differences between savings associations and commercial banks, suggesting that elimination of the savings association charter would not impair lending to nontraditional mortgage borrowers.     

房地产金融风险影响宏观经济安全的相关研究——兼论我国房地产金融潜在风险及政策建议

房地产金融风险的发生会引发全社会投资与消费的大幅减少,进而影响宏观经济,对经济增长和金融稳定产生负面影响。当前我国房地产金融风险主要为:土地储备贷款存在的隐性风险、房地产开发贷款风险、个人住房消费贷款违约风险以及房地产金融的宏观信用风险。为防范房地产金融风险,维护我国宏观经济安全,本文认为中国要借鉴房地产市场成熟国家经验,建立完善的房地产金融风险预警系统;建立健全房地产金融市场和监管体系,引导金融机构不断提升房地产信贷风险管理能力;完善房地产宏观政策体系,保持房地产市场供需结构平衡,引导房地产市场持续健康稳定发展。     

中国房地产业发展趋势和商业银行的长期策略

目前房地产已成为中国经济的支柱产业,同时资金流量分析表明房地产又不应成为主导产业。长期来看,城市化、人口增长和存量需求释放等刚性和扩张需求,将推动中国房地产行业持续发展,短期内价格暴涨和长时间涨速过快是不合理的。中国房地产市场短期内出现严重衰退的可能性不大,银行面对的风险仍然可控,但仍需注意政策调整的风险。商业银行仍应将房地产市场作为重要业务领域,有重点、有区别拓展;适度控制房地产贷款增速、总量及占比;建立对房地产贷款的全过程监管制度;探索房地产贷款以外的金融创新形式。     

Rural Homeowners’ Willingness to Buy Flood Insurance

Houses are the primary asset for Chinese rural families. However, dramatically increasing frequency and severity of floods have caused significant loss in rural houses recently, and there is generally no insurance available. In this article, we investigate the rural residents’ willingness to buy insurance according to a national survey. The results show that there exists a strong need for flood insurance in rural China, and the influencing factors in the insurance demand include the recent frequency of floods, income, and past experience with lack of flood insurance. Policy suggestions for flood insurance are provided for the insurance industry and Chinese government.     

保险资金不动产投资模式研究

本文首先对国际上保险资金进行不动产直接投资和间接投资的情况进行了概述,然后对保险资金不动产投资模式进行了归纳总结和案例分析。在此基础上,对我国目前保险资金不动产投资政策与模式进行了探讨。最后,针对我国保险资金不动产投资业务的发展提出了相关建议。     

财务杠杆在房地产业的应用

我国房地产企业是典型的资金密集型和高资产负债率企业。鉴于房地产业在国民经济中的重要地位,其上市公司的财务健康与否也必然是备受市场各利益主体的关注。目前,由于多轮宏观调控政策的影响,财务风险隐患己成为国内很多房地产公司生存发展所迫切需要解决的问题。因此房地产企业在快速增长过程中,如何合理利用财务杠杆增加企业收益,同时保持适宜的负债率以降低资本成本,减少财务风险确保企业的可持续增长为众多房地产企业所面临的重要问题。     

我国房地产业蕴含的金融风险及相关政策调整

本文对当前我国房地产业发展的总体情况和存在的突出矛盾进行了考察,并在此基础上,总结了上个世纪80年代以来发生的典型房地产泡沫危机,分析了房地产泡沫危机和金融危机的关系,以及目前我国房地产业潜在的风险．提出了促进我国房地产业健康发展的政策建议．自去年开始,我国政府针对房地产市场过热的问题实行了从紧的宏观调控措施．这次宏观调控的效果显现时间与美国由次贷问题引发的金融危机相重合。在国内经济政策调整和国际经济环境恶化这样一个大背景下．正确判断我国房地产市场发展情况,分析房地产市场与金融运行之间的相互影响,对于稳步实施房地产业政策调整。防范房地产泡沫与金融风险,促进房地产业、金融和经济的健康发展具有重要意义。     

宏观调控政策对房地产项目现金流及偿债能力的影响

本文基于房地产开发项目月度现金流模型、统计数据和相关假设,构建模型的典型示例,研究现金流的主要影响因素、宏观调控政策对房地产市场以及房地产开发项目现金流的影响,对典型示例进行宏观调控政策影响的组合压力测试.研究表明:房地产开发项目偿债能力受销售情况影响大,受贷款金额和利率的影响小;如果宏观政策引起房地产市场销售显著放缓...     

危机前后美国寿险公司不动产投资研究

基于ISIS全球保险公司数据库收录的美国寿险公司数据资料,本文研究了美国寿险公司的不动产投资情况.研究发现,从美国寿险公司的资产组合构成来看,不动产投资所占的比重还很低,且在次贷危机前后不动产投资在整个资产组合中所占的比重没有很大的变动.在美国房地产市场顶峰期的2005年,寿险公司所持有的不动产投资反而是最低的.但是,...     

Corporate Real Estate Ownership Implications: International Performance Evidence

In this paper we explore corporate real estate ownership internationally. Based on a sample of 4,636 companies from 18 industries and 9 countries we document distinct patterns and trends in the corporate ownership level of real estate. Real estate ownership appears to be driven by industrial rather than national differences, with corporate real estate ratios ranging between 0.13 for Business Services and 0.63 for the Mining sector. Overall, real estate ownership appears to be decreasing over time, which may be due to the gaining popularity of lease alternatives. When analyzing the stock performance of the companies in our sample, we discover a significantly negative relationship between real estate ownership and a firms systematic risk. Idiosyncratic risk bears no significant relationship with real estate ownership. With respect to stock returns our results show that returns are lowest among firms with the highest real estate ownership levels in each industry. After controlling for the variation in risks, the remaining return patterns differ strongly across industries, with a significantly negative relationship between stock outperformance and real estate ownership for Communications and Business Services and a positive but not significant relationship for Transportation.     

An Empirical Estimation of Default Risk of the UK Real Estate Companies

Based on the Black and Scholes (Black, F., and M. Scholes. (1973). The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities, Journal of Political Economy 81, 637–659) and Merton (Merton, R. C. (1974). On the Pricing of Corporate Debt: The Risk Structure of Interest Rates, Journal of Finance 29, 449–470) (BSM) contingent claims model, and KMV Corporation framework, we estimate the distance to default and the “risk neutral” default probabilities for a sample of 112 real estate companies over the period 1980 to 2001. Our empirical results classifies failed and non-failed companies into Type I error, cases that the BSM-type model fails to predict default when it did occur, and Type II error where BSM-type model predicts default when it did not occur. We find that none of the companies belong to the category of Type I error. Type II error is observed in 12 out of 112 companies. These results support the theoretical underpinnings of the BSM-type structural model in that the two driving forces of default are high leverage and high asset volatility.     

房地产市场过热与金融风险——从美国次级贷款危机谈起

美国次级债危机成为近期全球投资者关注的焦点,虽然目前我国发生次级抵押贷款危机的条件不具备,但楼市火爆、房价攀升、房贷市场增长、通胀率较高、利率不断提高,这些都与美 -国发生次级房贷危机前的金融背景非常相似,我国同样存在危机的隐患.本文首先分析我国房地产价格持续走高的原因;其次通过设立模型,研究发现金融支持的增加将引起房地产价格上升;最后通过探讨当前我国商业银行房地产信贷的风险,提出预防住房抵押贷款危机,加强金融风险防范的可行性建议.     

开征物业税对我国房地产市场的影响分析

开征物业税有利于转变政府职能,使政府的税源更依赖于环境的建设,而不是过多地依赖于土地出让;有利于减轻开发商在房地产开发初期的资金压力,降低其经营风险,吸引更多的开发商进入,促进房地产业的竞争,增进消费者福利;有利于鼓励和实现房地产的自住性需求;有利于抑制房地产市场的投资和投机行为。但由于开征物业税会导致房地产开发成本和进入壁垒降低,也可能造成房地产开发过度,产生房地产泡沫。     

房产税税率、房产税收入与房地产税制度设计

基于房产税税率对房产税收入影响理论,运用数理模型,依据沪渝两市自然数据,考量房产税税率变化对房产税收入的影响.结果显示:房产税税率对房产税收入具有重要影响.若提高上海市房产税税率,房产税增收效果更明显;若下调重庆市房产税税率,房产税增收效应更显著.鉴于此,未来房地产税立法改革思路:一是坚持房地产税税负不增加;二是平衡好房地产税立法与其他收费制度的关系;三是统筹税制改革的协同推进;四是兼顾房地产税的地方财政属性;五是谨慎推进.同时,应遵循税收法定原则、地方财政原则、公平原则、确实原则、渐进原则和结构性调整原则.此外,在制度设计方面,纳税人的设计要体现财产税性质,征税范围要涵盖农村,课税对象要包括存量住房,税率要体现差异性,计税依据要由市场价格评估值确定,税收优惠要兼顾免税面积和特殊人群.     

房地产中介机构洗钱风险分类与管理研究

洗钱风险分类与管理是当前国际上房地产中介机构反洗钱工作的重要内容。本文从国家地域风险、客户风险、服务风险等方面对房地产中介机构洗钱风险作了理论上的分类,并从内部控制、客户尽职调查、监测可疑交易和教育培训等方面对房地产中介机构洗钱风险管理予以政策分析。     

上市公司高管变更与公司违约风险关系研究:来自房地产上市公司的证据

以2006～2010年沪深两市A股房地产上市公司的年度数据和公司治理数据为样本,采用KMV模型,运用多元随机平衡面板回归分析方法对中国上市公司高管变更与公司违约风险的关系进行实证研究。实证研究结果表明,高管变更与公司违约风险显著正相关,公司高管变更后能够显著降低公司的违约风险。这为高管变更与公司违约风险、高管变更与经营业绩之间的关系提供了新的证据,丰富了高管变更研究的新领域,即高管变更与公司违约风险之间的关系研究。     

物业税开征对房地产市场的影响效应分析

由物业税的税负归宿理论剖析入手,通过建立相关模型,可对目前市场上两种描述物业税开征以后开发成本或房价下降的前景有代表性的方案加以实证测算,并按照物业税等价替代成本下降部分的原则,在采用辅助变量法的基础上,建立一个自回归分布滞后模型,从而进一步了解物业税税率的改变对商业物业租金价值变化带来的影响.     

房地产市场运行及未来趋势展望

2011年在以限购为主的房地产调控政策作用下,市场需求受到抑制,商品房销售增速明显低于历史同期平均水平。保障性住房全年开工建设任务已经提前完成,受其拉动,房地产开发投资保持高位。当前,保障性住房建设全面展开,以限购为主的调控政策短期不会退出,并呈现向二三线城市扩大的趋势,一些前期房价上涨过快的城市降价促销愈演愈烈,商品房价格回调趋势明显。