国家的语义变迁——浅论危害国家安全罪中的“国家”

危害国家安全罪,是指故意危害中华人民共和国的主权、领土完整与安全,颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度的行为。危害国家安全的犯罪,历来受到统治阶级的重视,古今中外的刑法都有对这类犯罪的规定。罪名虽有不同,但是总的来说,危害国家安全罪是对国家的一种法律保护,既然是保护国家,那么"国家"这一被保护对象的范围就显得尤为重要。     

论转化型抢劫罪中的共犯认定

“转化型抢劫”是我国刑法体系中一个特殊现象。又称之为准抢劫罪、事后抢劫罪。在学理上称为转化犯．一般是指“行为人在实施某一较轻的犯罪时,由于连带的行为又触犯了另一较重的犯罪,应由法律规定以较重之罪论处的情形”。其显著特点是由法律职确规定,涉及基础罪（本罪）和转化罪（他罪）两个不同的独立罪名且均为故意犯罪。由罪轻向罪重的递进转换。并按重罪定罪处罚。正因为这种特殊性．所以认定是否构成转化型抢劫罪中的共犯就成为转化型抢劫罪中的主要问题。     

刑事危害性:犯罪本质的双重规制──关于犯罪本质的思考

在我国传统刑法学理论中,社会危害性是犯罪的本质属性。然而刑法理论研究的发展使这一理论基础产生了动摇,并陷入了一个两难的悖论之中。本文以此为背景,从刑事立法根源入手,结合语言学和逻辑学对定义的规定,对犯罪现象及其概念进行分析后,认为社会危害性仅仅反映的是行为的社会属性。犯罪作为一种法律行为,仅有社会属性是不行的,更为重要的是其法律属性,在深入分析具有社会危害性行为与法律规定的犯罪行为之间的差异后得出结论:犯罪的本质属性只能由二者的属性共同界定,即本文所说的“刑事危害性”。在此基础上简要分析了我国现行刑法犯罪定义与此结论的符合性。     

运输毒品罪的死刑问题

毒品犯罪是当今世界各国共同面临的一个严峻问题,近年来,毒品消费市场的需求量不断增大,毒品犯罪被推向了一个新的历史高度.毒品犯罪中的运输毒品罪,是我国刑事犯罪中发案较多、 涉及范围较广的一种犯罪,也是目前我国司法实践中缉毒工作重点打击的犯罪之一.犯罪分子运输毒品的方式越来越多样化,新型运输毒品的方式不断出现,给侦查机关破案带来了极大的难度.我国现行刑法是将运输毒品罪以选择罪状的方式规定在走私、 贩卖、 制造毒品罪中,并没有将其单独定罪,并且规定本罪的最高法定刑为死刑,而在司法实践中,运输毒品罪本身存在着很多有争议的问题.从社会利益最大化的角度出发,重新审视运输毒品罪的价值,有利于更准确的理解和适用刑法对运输毒品罪的规定,使毒品犯罪分子得到应有的惩罚,同时为了丰富和发展毒品犯罪理论,使毒品犯罪的立法规定能够适应新形势下打击毒品犯罪的需要,有必要对运输毒品罪的基本理论、 司法实践中的疑难问题和本罪的死刑存废问题进行深入研究.     

挪用公款罪主体之我见——析王某挪用公款案

挪用公款罪是我国刑法第八章贪污贿赂罪中的一个重要罪名,它为维护国家财经制度的严肃、保障公务人员的廉洁、保护社会主义现代化建设的顺利进行发挥着不可替代的重要作用。同时挪用公款罪作为常见、多发犯罪．在司法实践中争议较大、认识不一,为正确运用法律,准确地惩治犯罪,依据立法及司法解释．现就实践中王某挪用公款案对挪用公款主体的相关问题进行探讨。     

巨额财产来源不明罪问题研究

巨额财产来源不明罪，是在我国社会实行改革开放的巨大变革历史进程中，适应惩治腐败犯罪分子的需要规定的一种新罪。我国1979年刑法中没有这种犯罪的规定．1988年全国人民代表大会颁布的《关于惩治贪污罪贿赂罪的补充规定》中开始有了巨额财产来源不明罪的有关规定，1997年修订刑法又将其适当修改．纳人刑法第八章贪污贿赂犯罪之中。     

关于污染环境罪的立法完善和建议

<正>一污染环境罪的本质与特征(一)污染环境罪的立法沿革污染环境罪的立法发展大致可以分为三个阶段:1979年刑法阶段、1997年的重大环境污染事故罪阶段和2011年的污染环境罪阶段。第一,1979年刑法阶段。这一阶段,有关环境犯罪方面的立法主要根据1979年的《刑法》制定了若干附属刑法。虽然1979年《刑法》在破坏社会主义经济秩序罪这章中规定了盗伐林木     

挪用公款罪的演变及构成要件探析

挪用公款是犯罪较多的一类犯罪。我国刑法中规定了三种类型的挪用公款罪，挪用公款罪是从贪污罪或职务犯罪中分离出的一个独立罪名。本罪是特殊主体，实施了挪用公款归个人使用的行为，既有结果犯也有行为犯。     

拒不支付劳动报酬罪研究

<正>拒不支付劳动报酬的现象由来已久,在我国一直都是通过劳动法或相关的行政法律来调整。但是近几年来,拒不支付劳动报酬的现象愈演愈烈,不仅影响了雇主与劳动者之间的和谐关系,也对社会的稳定造成了巨大的影响。2011年刑法修正案最终将无故拖欠劳动者工资报酬的行为犯罪化,这在法学界引起了激烈的争论。本文拟对该罪的客体和客观方面进行分析,以期探求本罪的立法原意,使拒不支付劳动报酬罪更好地应用于实践。     

小议“犯罪所得”的认定——以掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪、犯罪所得收益罪为视角

从以掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪、犯罪所得收益罪的性质来看,我国《刑法》将该罪罪规定为妨害司法的犯罪,赃物罪使犯罪所违法形成的财产状态得以维持、存续,妨碍了公安、司法机关利用赃物证明犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪事实,从而妨害了刑事侦查、起诉、审判作用,侵犯了国家司法机关的正常活动。所以宜将此处的"犯罪所得"理解为违法所得。     

Do foreclosures cause crime?

The mortgage foreclosure crisis has generated increasing concerns about the effects of foreclosed properties on their surrounding neighborhoods, and on criminal activity in particular. There are a number of potential ways in which a foreclosed property might increase the payoffs to committing crime and decrease the likelihood of being caught, including reduced maintenance, residential turnover, and vacancy. Using point-specific, longitudinal crime, foreclosure, and other property data from New York City, this paper determines whether foreclosed properties affect criminal activity on the surrounding blockface – an individual street segment including properties on both sides of the street. We find that additional foreclosures on a blockface lead to additional total crimes, violent crimes and public order crimes. These effects appear to be largest when foreclosure activity is measured by the number of foreclosed properties that are on their way to an auction or have reverted to bank ownership. We find that effects are largest in neighborhoods with moderate or high levels of crime, and on blockfaces with concentrated foreclosure activity.     

Applied nonlinear dynamical system in social science. A nonlinear model for social control system: an application to Italian coercion system

Does an increase in police strength discourage an increase in crime levels? It would seem very likely so, despite the many platitudes common everywhere, even in the most serious literature on the subject. This research study, using Non-Linear Analysis on the Italian crime situation from 1985 to 2003, shows an almost non controvertible result. The police force really does seem to have a deterrence function on crime, particularly evident from the 90s on, where, as police strength increases, the number of crimes decrease. One of the most interesting aspects deriving from the non-linear model used, is the specific measurement of the number of crimes that might have been committed and that were not in virtue of the deterrent action of the Police Force. Up to now, such an acquisition seems to be lacking from other so called ‘traditional’ research, where such ‘indirect’ deterrence appears easily hypothesized, but impossible to determine. For this reason too, the adoption of a non-linear analysis logic shows its heuristic superiority able to shed light on certain aspects that in other analysis models would remain in the shadows.     

Urban crime and the price of heroin

This paper investigates the relationship between a price index for retail heroin and monthly crimes reported to police. A time series model is presented and estimated whose estimable parameters include the price elasticity of demand for heroin and the elasticity of crime with respect to price. Based on data for Detroit, it is estimated that a 50% increase in the price would result in a 14% increase in the total property crime and a 13% decrease in the quantity of heroin consumed. The largest effects would be on burglaries and robberies in poor nonwhite neighborhoods.     

The deterrence hypothesis revisited

This study explores the causes of crime and the differences in deterrent effects of policing on crimes among rural, suburban, and urban communities. We hypothesize that certain numbers of all crimes are unaffected by policing due to their high net return; policing deters only marginal crimes. That is, unlike other research efforts, we recognize that there is a level of crime indigenous to a given type of community about which little can be done, although a particular community can affect deviations from this level. By introducing this ‘natural rate' of crime we are able to empirically reveal the deterrence effect of police expenditures upon all types of property crimes except robberies. The study analyzes 230 communities in a system of six simultaneous equations, using police, crime, and other socio-economic variables. The model can be used by state and regional policy-makers to more effectively allocate resources to the different types of communities under their jurisdiction and among the various police functions designed to deter specific types of crime.     

The market for street crime: An economic analysis of victim-offender interaction

This paper views the economic explanation of crime rates from a new perspective by explicitly deriving an economic model of the behavior of potential victims and considering the interaction of the behavior of potential victims with the behavior of offenders. Crime is produced through offenders supplying time in search of victims and victims demanding to expose themselves to the environment. A model is set up in which the crime rate, the probability of being a victim per unit of exposure time, and the probability of finding a victim per unit of offenders' search time are simultaneously determined. The model leads us to distinguish the “real” crime rate (the probability of being a victim per unit of exposure time) from the “nominal” crime rate (the number of crimes per capita). The nominal crime rate can be inversely related to the real crime rate.     

Crime in urban areas: New evidence and results

Crime supply functions are reestimated in this paper using data corrected for victim underreporting. It is found in both a mean-variance specification and a conventional crime supply function, which includes measures of the offender's gains and losses involved in property crimes, that certainty and severity of punishment still deter. When correction for underreporting is made, the effects on the rates of robbery, burglary, larceny, and auto theft of increases in prison admission rates and prison sentence lengths remain negative. This seeming support for the “deterrence hypothesis” must be balanced against the strong evidence that improved legitimate opportunities have a negative effect on crime. Use of improved crime data and a more intuitive economic specification of the offense supply function leads to the conclusion that higher income is a better deterrent to some crimes than increased punishment.     

Inequality and Crime: Separating the Effects of Permanent and Transitory Income*

Earlier studies on income inequality and crime have typically used total income or total earnings. However, it is quite likely that it is the changes in permanent rather than in transitory income that affects crime rates. The purpose of this paper is therefore to disentangle the two effects by, first, estimating region‐specific inequality in permanent and transitory income and, second, estimating crime equations with the two separate income components as explanatory variables. The results indicate that it is important to separate the two effects; while an increase in the inequality in permanent income yields a positive and significant effect on total crimes and three different property crimes, an increase in the inequality in transitory income has no significant effect. Using a traditional, aggregate, measure of income yields insignificant effects on crime.     

Criminal incident prediction using a point-pattern-based density model

Law enforcement agencies need crime forecasts to support their tactical operations; namely, predicted crime locations for next week based on data from the previous week. Current practice simply assumes that spatial clusters of crimes or “hot spots” observed in the previous week will persist to the next week. This paper introduces a multivariate prediction model for hot spots that relates the features in an area to the predicted occurrence of crimes through the preference structure of criminals. We use a point-pattern-based transition density model for space–time event prediction that relies on criminal preference discovery as observed in the features chosen for past crimes. The resultant model outperforms the current practices, as demonstrated statistically by an application to breaking and entering incidents in Richmond, VA.     

After the economic crisis of 2008: Economic conditions and crime in the last decade for the case of Spain

The economic approach to crime confirms that the deterioration of economic conditions influences the motivation of potential offenders to commit a crime or not. The relationship between crime and the economy status received considerable attention among the international literature. However, in Spain, there are just few studies that analyse this connection, and those that analyse the influence of the deterioration of the economy on crime after the crisis that began in 2008 are practically non-existent. In order to fill this gap, this research applies the difference-GMM estimator for a sample of 47 provinces during the 2010–2018 period and controls the influence of different economic, demographic and dissuasive factors on the crime rate. The results obtained are similar to those of different investigations, since in the face of worsening economic conditions, no evidence of a positive and uniform effect on the crime rate is detected, especially when it differs according to different types of crimes possible. However, that relationship does exist and is robust in property crimes. Another common result in the empirical literature is also confirmed: adolescent male cohorts present the highest crime rates.     

青少年犯罪的物质与心理原因——基于阿德勒“自卑”与“补偿”的视角

青少年犯罪已成为困扰当今世界各国的一个严重社会问题,团伙犯罪是其突出特点。从心理学家阿德勒"自卑感"与"补偿"理论出发,拓展出对青少年团伙犯罪研究的新视角,同时对冀东地区团伙犯罪青少年进行了抽样调查,将理论探讨与实证研究相结合,分析了青少年团伙犯罪的心理原因,即自卑感的来源和过度补偿的表现方式,并引申出对于预防青少年犯罪的两点建议。