旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响研究

在旅游市场竞争日趋激烈的背景下,由旅游企业经营所引发的社会责任问题受到广泛关注,但学界关于旅游企业社会责任的影响研究还不够系统和深入.文章将旅游企业社会责任划分为6个方面,将目的地形象划分为认知形象和情感形象两个方面,并构建了旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响模型.实证研究表明,旅游企业社会责任在目的地形象及游客忠诚形成中发挥非常重要的作用,其中,经济责任、环境责任、游客责任、员工责任和法律责任对认知形象有正向影响,游客责任、员工责任和慈善责任对情感形象有正向影响;认知形象和情感形象不仅对游客忠诚产生直接影响,而且通过游客满意对游客忠诚产生间接作用.相比认知形象,情感形象对游客满意和忠诚的影响作用更大.     

大型事件活动提升举办地旅游形象评价研究

虽然目前事件对举办地的旅游形象影响还缺少长期纵向的跟踪研究,旅游角度的事件研究是零碎的、不系统的,不足以形成统一的结论,然而作为城市触媒的大型事件活动提升了举办地旅游形象是个不争的事实.     

论"旅游目的地"与"旅游过境地"

旅游地的空间竞争与合作是当前学术界颇为关注的一个热点问题.处在同一旅游线路①上的不同旅游地之间产业和产品的空间竞争与合作是区域旅游竞争与合作的典型代表,较少有学者进行研究.本文在回顾以往研究成果的基础上,分析了旅游目的地与旅游过境地在竞争与合作中旅游产业定位和空间布局等重大问题对两地在旅游开发、投资等方面的影响.     

对区域旅游合作研究几个基本问题的讨论

区域旅游合作研究在很多基本问题如合作空间范畴、主体和机制等方面都没有形成共识,这种状况制约着研究的进一步发展.对上述问题的讨论得出如下结论:第一,区域旅游合作应该理解为区域之间的旅游合作;第二,政府是区域旅游合作的主要主体;第三,区域旅游合作机制包括动力机制、过程机制、保障机制、空间作用机制等方面.     

基于网络文本的衡山旅游投射形象与感知形象对比研究

网络文本对于研究旅游地形象具有重要价值,本文以衡山为研究案例,运用ROST软件统计衡山的投射形象和感知形象两方面的信息,进行高频词分析、共词分析、差异分析、情感分析等,发现衡山的旅游形象可归纳为旅游吸引物、历史与文化、旅游设施与服务、旅游宣传与保护、旅游体验五大主题,旅游者的感知形象与旅游供给者的投射形象存在差异,旅游者的消极感知主要来源于天气影响、交通不便和旅游旺季人多拥挤三个方面。基于此,文中提出相关建议,以期对衡山旅游形象的完善与提升、旅游营销战略的改进提供参考。     

韩国国家形象感知与旅游意向研究——以中国潜在旅游者为例

文章将旅游研究领域的国家形象界定为国际旅游者对目的地国家的总体认知和情感的心理表征,并将其划分为宏观国家形象和微观国家形象两个构成部分.以韩国作为旅游目的地国家,中国潜在旅游者作为调查对象,探讨潜在旅游者对韩国国家形象的感知,检验国家形象构成维度及其与旅游意向之间的关系.研究表明,宏观国家认知形象由国家特征、国家能力、国民特征、环境管理和国家关系5个维度构成,微观国家认知形象由旅游环境、旅游设施和文化氛围3个维度构成.国家情感形象对潜在旅游者的旅游意向有显著影响;微观国家认知形象显著影响国家情感形象,宏观国家认知形象中的国民特征因子显著影响国家情感形象;国家认知形象通过国家情感形象的中介作用对潜在旅游者的旅游意向产生影响.研究结论为韩国和中国旅游管理部门提升国家形象,应对旅游市场全球化的挑战以及参与国际旅游竞争提供一定的借鉴意义.     

生活方式型旅游目的地品牌个性建构——基于苏州古城案例的混合方法研究

近年来,苏州古城围绕本土生活方式打造目的地品牌,为苏州传统的“天堂苏州,东方水城”旅游目的地品牌赋予了新内涵,一种围绕“苏式生活”的旅游目的地品牌个性被逐步建构起来.在致力打造生活方式型旅游目的地品牌的过程中,目的地形象对其品牌个性究竟有何影响？如何依托目的地形象发展目的地品牌个性？针对这两个问题,论文简要回顾旅游目的地形象及品牌个性研究进展,在此基础上采用深度访谈、扎根理论、问卷调查、统计分析相结合的“混合方法”,一方面,依托质性材料,采用扎根理论分析生活方式型旅游目的地形象及其品牌个性的基本结构,另一方面,根据问卷调查数据,采用结构方程模型验证生活方式型旅游目的地形象对其品牌个性的建构效应.研究表明:游客对苏州古城旅游目的地形象认知主要包含游憩功能、空间格局、文化氛围、文化创意、文化功能5个方面,而游客对其生活方式型旅游目的地品牌个性认知则主要体现在生活氛围、生活状态、生活品质3个维度.在依托“苏式生活”推动旅游目的地品牌化进程中,苏州古城旅游目的地形象5大因素对其目的地品牌个性均有显著影响.在此基础上,研究提出依托苏州古城旅游目的地品牌形象建设,培育和发展生活方式型目的地品牌个性的导向和对策,为同类型旅游目的地品牌个性培育提供理论和实践支持.     

TRAMO/SEATS在危机事件中对旅游影响研究的应用

国内外对旅游危机事件的研究集中于管理方面,近年相关热点转向对旅游影响的研究.以往定性研究多,从经济数量模型进行定量分析研究的较少.本文使用在经济金融领域使用广泛的ARIMA改进版--TRAMO/SEATS方法评估危机事件,如疾病、地震等突发事件对中国旅游业的影响.作为欧盟各国统计局主要统计方法,TRAMO/SEATS方法能够最大程度地反映旅游业季节性波动的特点.通过该方法对2003年在中国内地和香港地区爆发的SARS进行实证研究,分析评估该危机事件的长期影响.在此基础上提出,国家短期内应当通过提高产品质量和拓展高质量的细分市场实现旅游效益型增长;恢复后期才可以推出更为直接的促销手法实现旅游数量型增长,采取刺激旅游人数快速增长的政策和措施.     

基于目的地形象理论的旅游危机管理——以中国四川地震为例

旅游危机管理作为旅游业减少破坏、保障安全和抵御风险的一种重要手段,日益成为旅游研究中的一项重要内容.2008年5月,中国汶川特大地震发生后,四川旅游业受到重创,同时救援和重建工作迅速展开.本文试从旅游者对危机事件感知的角度出发,阐述了旅游目的地形象的形成机制和影响路径模式.在旅游目的形象理论的基础上,总结四川地震灾害在发作期、延续期、痊愈期的不同影响,以及目的地采取的形象塑造和危机管理的相应措施.     

基于网络文本的玉龙雪山旅游形象感知研究

<正>文章以携程网的在线评论文本作为研究样本,采用基于“认知—情感—总体”的三维理论模型,运用文本分析法探究游客对玉龙雪山旅游形象的感知。研究表明：游客对玉龙雪山的认知形象主要表现在旅游吸引物、旅游活动、旅游服务与管理和景区环境与氛围四个方面;情感形象以积极为主,消极情感主要集中在天气因素和景区内部管理两个方面;从整体上看,游客对玉龙雪山旅游形象的评价比较高,但仍有较大的提升空间。基于此,文章提出优化玉龙雪山旅游形象的建议。     

Passenger recovery after an airport closure at tourist destinations: A case study of Palma de Mallorca airport

In the context of increased concern about the resilience of critical transport infrastructure to external events and the impact of such events on local tourism industries, this paper analyzes the ability of tourism-oriented airports to relocate departing passengers in the event of an unexpected airport closure. A case study of Palma de Mallorca airport is presented. Using an MIDT dataset on passenger itineraries in August 2014, several closure scenarios are simulated, and disrupted passengers are relocated to minimum-delay itineraries. Aggregate delays and relocation rates are used to assess the impact of each scenario, with a particular focus on UK and Germany markets. The results provide useful benchmarks for the development of policies aimed at minimizing the impact on stranded tourists, such as allowing for passenger connections, establishing a protocol for interline cooperation, and improving intermodal transfers. These measures will help mitigate the negative impacts on airline loyalty and destination image.     

Economic Impact of Cultural Events: The Case of the Zora! Festival

In addition to their cultural and social values, cultural events have emerged as an instrument for tourism development, tourism seasonality expansion, city image improvement and boosting regional economies. By using a Social Accounting Matrix for Orange County, Florida, this study evaluates the economic impact of an event that highlights the folklore and cultural contribution of Zora Neale Hourston. Survey data from 1100 event participants were used to estimate the spending patterns of festival attendees. The two major contributions directly related to this study are (1) the use of a quantitative methodology that will put different policy options in perspective and (2) enabling researchers to study the impact of cultural events at three levels: direct, indirect and induced effects.     

Estimating the Economic Impact of Event Tourism

Abstract

Tourism has become an important economic sector in many parts of the world, and many regions, states, and local areas have identified expenditures by visitors as a potential source of economic growth. Because visitor spending can contribute to the local economy, many communities seek to enhance tourism and visitor-oriented activities. As a result, estimates of the economic impact of event tourism are of interest to a wide variety of interested parties. Economic impact analyses of sports facilities and other entertainment events have come under increasing criticism in recent years. At the same time, visitors to sports events, festivals, and other visitor-oriented and event related activities can produce very substantial economic impacts for host communities. This article examines key considerations and issues that affect and are critical to reliable estimates of the economic impacts of events and event tourism.     

Assessing the contribution of a major cycle race to host communities in South Australia

The development of major sport events in rural areas offers opportunities for local communities to engage in leisure, sport and tourism activity. While current studies investigate the impact of sport events on residents individually, little research has taken a community perspective. The purpose of this research was to explore the process of event development and the impact upon social interactions in seven rural communities in the 2012 Tour Down Under cycling race in Australia. Using grounded theory to explore community activities, interviews and focus groups with over 100 participants resulted in the development of a core category of collaboration; and five subcategories to examine the role of the event in stimulating community interaction and social capital. A model of sport event development explains the impact of the event development process on community relations in this rural context. Implications are discussed for managing the relationships between communities and event management organisations.     

Residents’ perceptions on the traffic impact of a special event: a case of the Macau Grand Prix

Special events may cause significant disruptions to the community and affect the daily lives of the local residents. This study examines how local residents perceive the traffic impact of a major tourism event, the Macau Grand Prix, which is an annual event that takes place on a circuit around the streets of the city, Macao. An exploratory factor analysis reveals five factors regarding the traffic impacts of the event, and the residents of different transportation modes have distinct views on the traffic measures. Bus transit and pedestrian traffic management is found to be the most effective. The result provides the event organizer implications and assessment for the traffic planning and management measures in gaining support from the community.     

区域间投入产出模型(IRIO)的我国会展业经济影响分析

在事件活动领域,相对于体育活动,关于会展活动经济影响的研究较为薄弱。如何将与会展相关的产业和区域全部纳入其中以避免失真和漏损,是会展经济影响研究的难点之一。该研究首次运用区域间投入产出模型(IRIO),通过将波及的12个产业部门进行归并,计算了我国30个省区会展产业的区域及区域间影响力,并以广交会为案例,进行了会展间接经济影响的实证分析。研究结果显示:我国会展业对国民经济具有较强的拉动作用,而且几乎所有的省区都会产生相互间的波及效应;在总产出层面,会展产业的影响力在东部沿海和中西部地区表现出较为明显的差异性;我国会展业还有一定的发展空间。案例研究表明,第104届广交会的间接经济影响约为162.43亿元(其中广东占比最高,为35.09%),直接与间接效应之比为1:2.94;批发和零售贸易业等五个产业部门受广交会影响较大,合计占比为77%。     

The impacts of temporary but anticipated tourism spending: An application to the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games

An extensive literature attempts to identify the economic impact of tourism expenditure. While Input-Output methods have been widely applied these may not always be appropriate for such applications and there is a growing use of more flexible Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) approaches. This paper uses a multi-period Scottish CGE model to estimate the system-wide effects of the temporary tourism expenditure related to the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games. We quantify the sensitivity of our results to model specification, focusing in particular on how investment and consumption decisions are made and shifted over time to accommodate the temporary tourism shock. As part of this analysis we identify the pre-announcement period that optimises the present value of the economic impact. Whilst the empirical results apply to a specific event, our results have implications for similar analyses applied to mega events and other temporary phenomena affecting tourism expenditure, such as terrorism attacks or epidemics.     

Does a small community (town) benefit from an international event?

Tourism has been shown as a viable option for uplifting communities. However, not all communities have significant tourist attractions or are as easily accessible as larger, more developed cities. This isolation makes tourism benefits more difficult to achieve. This study aimed to determine to what extent an annual international sporting event, the Fauresmith 200 International Endurance Ride, can be an attraction in a small, mostly isolated community and can benefit residents, as well as the extent to which the event contributes to the community over time. Using quantitative, convenience sampling (questionnaires), four social impact perception factors during the event were revealed, as well as four social impact perceptions factors among residents of the event over time. Residents were found to perceive benefits both during the event and over time. Recommendations are made regarding the management of the event and the development of future sports events in the town.     

Behavioral responses of 3S tourism visitors: Evidence from a Mediterranean Island destination

This empirical research deepens the current knowledge of tourism destination images by conceptualizing the effects of sun, sand, and sea (3S) tourism. The study investigates its impact on tourist attitude toward 3S tourism. This project also examines the impact of attitudes toward 3S tourism on visit intentions and word-of-mouth intentions as two behavioral outcomes. The study focuses on the mental representations of 3S tourism by tourists. Destination images (mental representations of destinations) can be defined, operationalized, and measured in a variety of ways; this study investigates the images and attitudes held by tourists toward 3S tourism in Cyprus, along with their desired behavioral responses. In the study, 410 survey questionnaires were administered to tourists during the summer of 2017. The results revealed that images of 3S tourism had a positive impact on tourist attitudes. Visit intentions and word-of-mouth intentions were enhanced by improving tourists' attitudes toward 3S tourism.     

The Impact of Sports Events on Inbound Tourism in New Zealand

Sports events are an instrument of destination marketing for host countries. Over the past 40 years, New Zealand has held sports events such as the Commonwealth Games and the America's Cup and many international tourists have visited New Zealand during these events. While past studies have examined the economic value of such tourism at a generic level, the impact of mega sports events at more specific levels is unknown. Thus, this study examines not only the impact of eight mega sports events upon New Zealand's international tourist arrivals over the 1983–2005 period at the overall level, but also the number of tourist arrivals from participating countries for each event. Results suggest that the 1990 Commonwealth Games, the 2000 America's Cup (yachting) and the 2005 British and Irish Lions Tour (rugby) had a significant impact on tourist arrivals overall and on arrivals from each participating country.