产品差异化战略的缺陷与选择--基于霍特林模型的分析

一般认为产品差异化战略能给企业带来额外的竞争优势,但产品差异化并非差异化战略的唯一选择。文章结合霍特林模型,阐释了产品差异化战略潜在缺陷,并进一步指出在宣传成本相对较高的情况下,产品差异化战略更重要的方面可能不在于产品本身,而在于产品的定价策略,这也将有助于理解我国部分行业中小厂商的山寨行为。总之,企业无需将产品的差异化视作差异化战略的必要条件,除了定价差异化之外,市场环境的微观区分因素如消费者感知情绪、宏观区分因素如企业社会责任导向,都可以是企业采取差异化战略获取竞争优势的有效途径。     

欧元区货币一体化效应研究回顾

文章从贸易效应、资本流动效应、财政扩张效应以及欧债危机等四个方面,回顾欧元区货币一体化效应的研究,并对文献进行了述评。在文献回顾的基础上,进一步提出欧债危机的五点反思与启示,包括:缩小欧元区国家之间的技术水平差异,提高经济发展水平较低国家的技术水平;改革欧元区国家的劳动力市场;重视欧元区内的贸易不平衡问题;缩小欧元区的经济发展水平差异;建立财政联盟或希腊等国家退出欧元区。     

由“间”到“内”的飞跃——中国产业内贸易发展的实证研究

利用格鲁贝尔-劳埃德指数测算出改革开放后中国的产业内贸易指数，从不同角度分析了中国和发达国家以及和发展中国家开展产业内贸易的动因，着重探讨了规模经济、产业差异化、消费偏好、跨国公司内部效应和区域经济一体化等因素，并简要提出了中国如何通过产业内贸易逐步提升动态优势的途径。     

奥克斯的杠杆

奥克斯集团从20世纪80年代浙江省一个民办小企业起步,相继进入电能表、空调、手机、汽车行业,主要是寻求差异化竞争优势,采用垂直一体化战略,在生产价值链上寻求降低成本的空间,奥克斯的成功在于选择战略模式与自身的资源和特点是相匹配的     

国外异质性厂商贸易理论研究综述

异质性厂商贸易理论代表了国际贸易理论最新发展趋势,研究的是微观经济主体--厂商的贸易和投资行为与自身特征的关系.厂商的市场进入方式与其生产率水平是相对应的,出口和贸易自由化能够提高行业生产率,汇率变化、贸易政策和产业集聚对厂商出口具有重要的影响,厂商进入出口市场前后存在自我选择效应和出口中学习效应,这两种效应都导致厂商生产率提高,最终生产率最高的厂商将以对外直接投资的方式进入国际市场.     

老挝啤酒产业出口发展战略研究

随着全球化和区域经济一体化的加快,国际市场竞争变得更加激烈和残酷。战略管理也日益受到更多学者和产业家的重视。文章以产业战略管理理论和方法为基础,以老挝啤酒为研究对象,对其目前所处的市场环境以及自身现状进行SWOT分析,并以此为基础对其发展战略进行研究。文章认为老挝啤酒应该实施差异化战略和专一化战略,可以通过提升产品质量、专注于东南亚和中国市场、完善组织结构、加强信息系统建设以及获取政府支持等措施来保证战略的有效实施。     

“新丝绸之路经济带”一体化战略路径与实施对策

"新丝绸之路经济带"一体化的八大战略路径是交通、能源、产业、城市、贸易、金融、文化、生态一体化。在一体化战略实施的初级阶段,应着重推进交通、能源、产业、城市一体化,高级阶段应重点关注贸易和金融一体化。当前,一体化战略的实施重点是能源一体化,实施的优先方向是交通运输一体化。为推进"新丝绸之路经济带"一体化战略实施,首先应加强政府间政治互信和务实合作,其次是加快推进操作层面的体制机制建设步伐。     

国产笔记本电脑市场现状及发展策略

随着中国笔记本电脑市场的迅速扩大,引发了国内外诸多电脑生产厂商的激烈竞争.国内笔记本厂商要想在竞争中胜出.应在控制生产成本、实行差异化战略、树立品牌形象等方面努力.     

国产笔记本电脑市场现状及发展策略

随着中国笔记本电脑市场的迅速扩大，引发了国内外诸多电脑生产厂商的激烈竞争。国内笔记本厂商要想在竞争中胜出，应在控制生产成本、实行差异化战略、树立品牌形象等方面努力。     

免费商业模式下厂商盈利机制的经济分析——基于对网络游戏产业的分析

本文在对免费商业模式的发展历程以及现状进行分析的基础上,选取我国免费商业模式较为集中的网络游戏产业作为对象,运用经济学工具研究发现免费商业模式对厂商盈利能力的影响机制为:第一,通过消费者相对可支配收入的提高以及选择成本的降低提高市场需求;第二,通过差异化消费菜单实现市场细分,更好地满足消费者需求,从而扩大厂商利润空间,因此在理论上这两者使得免费商业模式下的厂商相对于收费商业模式具有更强的盈利能力.     

Market Integration,Choice of Technology,and Welfare

This paper develops an international trade model where firms in a duopoly may diversify their technologies for strategic reasons. The firms face the same set of technologies given by a tradeoff between marginal costs and fixed costs, but depending on trade costs firms may choose different technologies. Market integration may induce a technological restructuring where firms either diversify their technologies or switch to a homogeneous technology. In general, market integration improves welfare. However, a small decrease of trade costs which induces a switch from heterogeneous technologies to a homogeneous technology may locally reduce global welfare. The model also shows that productivity differences lead to intra‐industry firm heterogeneity in size and exports similar to the “new–new” trade models with monopolistic competition.     

Market Size, Trade, and Productivity

We develop a monopolistically competitive model of trade with firm heterogeneity—in terms of productivity differences—and endogenous differences in the "toughness" of competition across markets—in terms of the number and average productivity of competing firms. We analyse how these features vary across markets of different size that are not perfectly integrated through trade; we then study the effects of different trade liberalization policies. In our model, market size and trade affect the toughness of competition, which then feeds back into the selection of heterogeneous producers and exporters in that market. Aggregate productivity and average mark-ups thus respond to both the size of a market and the extent of its integration through trade (larger, more integrated markets exhibit higher productivity and lower mark-ups). Our model remains highly tractable, even when extended to a general framework with multiple asymmetric countries integrated to different extents through asymmetric trade costs. We believe this provides a useful modelling framework that is particularly well suited to the analysis of trade and regional integration policy scenarios in an environment with heterogeneous firms and endogenous mark-ups.     

Macroeconomic Interdependence with Trade and Multinational Activities

This paper examines how differences in the integration strategies followed by firms active in foreign markets affect the way productivity and policy shocks spread their effects worldwide. The analysis incorporates costly trade and local sales by multinational firms in a general-equilibrium open economy macroeconomic model. The mode of foreign market access is found to play a major role in the international business cycle, affecting the dimension of consumption and output spillovers worldwide. We show that despite financial markets being effectively complete, consumption risks may not be fully insured in the world economy as long as multinational firms discriminate prices across markets. Furthermore, cross-country differences in firms' integration strategies can account for extensive asymmetries in the way country-specific and global shocks are transmitted in the world economy. We argue that this may have relevant consequences for the welfare implications of monetary and trade policies.     

A Theory of Trade Secrets in Firms*

This article provides a simple theoretical model of trade secrets in hierarchical firms. A crucial assumption is that each manager has access to trade secrets pertaining to his own hierarchical level as well as to all lower levels. The article explores some implications of this assumption for optimal degree of trade secrets accumulation and protection as well as for the wage structure in firms. In addition, the model implies that managers may have an incentive to overpay their subordinates and protect their firms’ trade secrets too much.     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Diffusion

The paper considers the role of technology diffusion and trade liberalization for the catching‐up of structurally backward countries. A New Economic Geography model is presented that accounts for firm entry/exit and international mobility of skilled labor employed in public R&D sectors. This raises the traditional agglomeration effects in a core–periphery setting as firms and mobile factors usually cluster within spatial agglomerations. With international technology diffusion, however, there is a counteracting effect on the traditional agglomeration effects as firms in the periphery also benefit from increasing R&D expenditures in the core lowering entry costs for firms. It is found that the catching‐up of structurally backward countries is spurred not only as a result of trade integration but also because of technology diffusion.     

Software Provision and the Impact of Market Integration

Both deeper market integration and advances in digital technology have driven particularly large decreases in the costs of intermarket software provision. This study first explains the mechanism of how trade costs influence the software provision decisions of software firms. Then the transformation of production/trade patterns is investigated given gradually decreasing trade costs for software products. It is shown that if two incompatible types of hardware exist, deeper market integration may reduce the variety of hardware technologies. It is also shown that, if the variety of hardware technologies is reduced by deeper integration, some consumers are made worse off.     

Job Creation, Job Destruction, and the International Division of Labor

The authors incorporate equilibrium unemployment due to imperfect matching into a model of trade in intermediate inputs. Firms are assumed to be price‐takers and their size is given by technology. Firms enter the market as long as expected profits cover the search cost they incur initially; jobs are endogenously destroyed by random shocks that affect firms’ price–cost margins. Trade increases productivity in the final good and then demand for each intermediate input. Steady‐state unemployment is reduced after trade integration because the rate of job destruction is reduced, which in turn induces an indirect positive effect on job creation. A more volatile environment faced by firms does not necessarily increase unemployment. However, the rate of job destruction unambiguously rises, and rises more under free trade.     

Unemployment and Economic Integration for Developing Countries

While financial or trade integration between countries may increase the size of the market and aid the adoption of more advanced technologies, will it also increase the level of urban unemployment for a developing country? In this model, there is unemployment in the urban sector. Manufacturing firms engage in oligopolistic competition and choose increasing returns technologies to maximize profits. Financial firms provide capital to manufacturing firms and they also engage in oligopolistic competition. We show that an increase in the wage rate in the manufacturing sector changes neither the level of technology nor the level of employment in the manufacturing sector. While financial or trade integration between developing countries leads manufacturing firms to adopt more advanced technologies, the level and rate of employment in the manufacturing sector will not deteriorate.     

Shifting the strategic paradigm: the case of the catalytic converter

The formulation and implementation of technology strategies by firms are closely and critically interrelated with the rate and direction of technological advance. Policy has an increasingly important role in this technology strategy process, such as in the provision of increasingly stringent guidelines for paths of developement, as in the case of environmental legislation on the reduction of undesiable automotive exhaust emissions. Drawing on evidence from the automotive industry, with a particular focus on catalytic converter technology, this paper considers the paradigmatic qualities of firms' technology strategies. It examines aspects of shifts in strategic paradigms and their technological and organizational effects. It is particularly concerned with the interrelation between firm strategy and government policy, and the integration of environmental pressures into the firms processes that ultimately determine paths of technological development and competitive performance in the automotive industry.     

Determinants of International R&D Outsourcing: The Role of Trade

This paper investigates the determinants of international R&D outsourcing, in particular the role of trade. We sketch a monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous firms where outsourcing increases a firm's fixed transaction costs as well as its productivity. Financial constraints affect the decision to outsource R&D more to nonexporters than to exporters. In contrast, exporters are more sensitive to a lack of information because they have higher losses when there is technology leakage. We test these predictions using a panel database of Spanish companies. The results highlight the relevance of information in competitive markets, and the role of trade to induce companies to engage in other globalization strategies.