公共服务供给、空间溢出与新型城镇化发展质量

本文利用省级面板数据实证研究了公共服务供给对新型城镇化发展质量的作用机理及其空间效应。研究结果表明,公共服务供给和新型城镇化发展质量存在显著的空间相关性,且公共服务供给对新型城镇化发展质量的空间溢出效应日趋增强。教育具有显著的正向空间溢出作用,交通基础设施的空间溢出效应为负但并不显著,医疗具有较为明显的空间抑制作用。进一步进行区域异质性分析发现,公共服务供给对新型城镇化的直接效应和空间效应在三大地区存在明显的差异性。因此,不同区域要基于公共服务供给及其空间溢出效应的特点制定新型城镇化高质量发展政策措施,包括优化公共交通基础设施服务功能、提高人力资源配置效率、改善区域性医疗卫生条件等。     

Siting a facility in continuous space to maximize coverage of a region

Siting facilities in continuous space such that continuously distributed demand within a region is optimally served is a challenging location problem. This problem is further complicated by the non-convexity of regions typically encountered in practice. In this paper a model for maximizing the service coverage of continuously distributed demand through the location of a single service facility in continuous space is proposed. To address this problem, theoretical conditions are established and associated methods are proposed for optimally siting a service facility in a region (convex or non-convex) with uniformly distributed demand. Through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), the developed approach is applied to identify facility sites that maximize regional coverage provided limitations on facility service ability.     

Some statistical and DEA evaluations of relative efficiencies of public and private institutions of higher learning

This paper uses the Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) ratio form of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) (1) to examine how DEA can be utilized in analyzing different aspects of production behavior of institutions of higher learning (IHLs) as an alternative to more traditional approaches such as econometric-regression models, and (2) to compare “specifically” relative efficiencies of public and private doctoral-granting universities in the U.S. and to analyze technical and scale efficiencies of those universities. The separation of doctoral-granting universities into universities with and without medical colleges represents a departure from preceding studies. This division proved very important in uncovering substantial differences in behavior between the two groups even when using the “statistical averaging” approaches that were customary in previous studies. For both groups, public universities proved more efficient than private universities when managerial and program inefficiencies are present in the data. When managerial inefficiencies are disentangled from the data and medical schools are not present, private universities have more efficient programs. However, their managers are less efficient users of program opportunities than are managers in public universities. Another portion of the current study dealt with returns-to-scale possibilities. These differed markedly (even on average) between IHLs with and without medical schools. Moreover, analyses by DEA showed marked ranges of variation for returns-to-scale possibilities for individual IHLs within each group. These possibilities have generally been concealed by the statistical averaging utilized in previous econometric studies. Further, their identification is beyond the ability of the usual types of one-at-a-time ratio and trend analyses.     

城市应急避难场所空间布局合理性研究

应急避难场所是保障城市安全的一项重要公共服务设施,其空间布局的合理与否直接影响为市民提供服务的效果。以徐州市为例,基于GIS的网络分析法,构建了五个指标分析城市应急避难场所空间布局的合理性。结果表明,徐州市应急避难场所总体布局相对合理,存在的主要问题是服务重叠率偏高;各组团应急避难场所的空间服务范围大致相当,服务人口的数量有较大差异;分区尺度上,居民接近应急避难场所的机会相对均等,需要调整应急避难场所布局的分区较少。相关结论可为徐州市应急避难场所的调整与优化及新建设施提供可靠的布局参考。     

A decision model for selecting protected habitat areas within migratory flyways

A decision model is developed for identifying alternative configurations of new protected habitat areas to augment and enhance major global flyways of migratory birds. New habitat areas are selected to fill in the spatial gaps between existing protected stopovers such as wildlife refuges. The methodology is applied to the US portion of the Atlantic flyway in order to develop alternative networks of habitat stepping stones extending from Maine to Florida. The model is formulated as a zero-one program and solutions are derived using a greedy adding heuristic procedure. Two ecological-economic objectives drive the model: maximizing the geographic coverage of the protected stopovers, and maximizing average stopover quality, as represented by an index based on wetland prevalence and land cost. Thirty-five alternative solutions were generated, indicating the tradeoffs between the objectives. These results are expected to be useful to natural resource agencies and conservation organizations in the development of habitat conservation, preservation, and restoration policies and programs.     

基于三维GIS的铁路固定设施维修管理系统数据接口研究与设计

铁路固定设施养护维修管理系统涉及空间地理数据、通用基础数据以及工务、供电、电务系统的专业数据等。如何将这些数据有机地集成起来协调工作显得十分重要。论文从数据接口着手,针对铁路固定设施设备状态监测数据进行分析和设计,形成统一数据接口标准,从而提升数据采集效率,最大限度地发掘各类数据信息的价值。     

城市公共服务设施空间分布分异调查——以广州市为例

社会经济体制综合转型以来,市场机制逐步取代行政命令成为我国城市公共服务设施配置的主体方式,其空间分布形态也由空间均衡趋向社会分异。以广州市为例,基于3954份有效问卷和城市公共服务设施专项调查数据,对城市公共服务设施的空间分布进行了社会生态学分析。研究结果表明,广州城市公共服务设施空间分布的社会分异特征显著,中心城区116个街镇单元可以划分为6个类型,不同阶层社会群体居住单元的公共服务设施配套及可达性存在显著差异;受旧城区社会经济持续繁荣及历史沉积效应影响,社区地位与城市公共服务设施供给及可达性之间呈非完全一致性,体现出类似西方国家城市公共资源配置过程中的"城市生态法则"的作用特征。     

Public street lighting service standard assessment and achievement

Nighttime lighting is an important public service that impacts human activities and promotes transportation and pedestrian safety. Of course, such services are not free and have been found to have negative impacts on the environment. Responsible stewardship of the built environment requires that efficiency and care in the delivery of services be taken, particularly in the context of sustainability concerns. A significant problem with existing urban infrastructure systems like street lighting is that they have evolved over time using rule-of-thumb planning standards. Given this, systematic assessment and re-evaluation offers much potential for enhancing the spatial efficiency of infrastructure but also the opportunity to explicitly account for environmental impacts in combination with safety and security. This paper applies a methodology for studying lighting in urban areas based upon the use of spatial analytics, including GIS and spatial optimization. Findings and results are reported for a study area in San Diego, California, highlighting current system configuration issues, method development and the potential long term benefits of systematic analysis of public sector services.     

DESIGNING ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IN A DECENTRALIZED FISCAL SYSTEM

Abstract When external effects are important, markets will be inefficient, and economists have considered several broad classes of economic instruments to correct these inefficiencies. However, the standard economic analysis has tended to take the region, and the government, as a given; that is, this work has neglected important distinctions and interactions between the geographic scope of different pollutants, the enforcement authority of various levels of government, and the fiscal responsibilities of the various levels of government. It typically ignores the possibility that the externality may be created and addressed by local governments, and it does not consider the implications of decentralization for the design of economic instruments targeted at environmental problems. This paper examines the implications of decentralization for the design of corrective policies; that is, how does one design economic instruments in a decentralized fiscal system in which externalities exist at the local level and in which subnational governments have the power to provide local public services and to choose tax instruments that can both finance these expenditures and correct the market failures of externalities?     

The efficiency of top agents: An analysis through service strategy in tennis

We consider the question whether top tennis players in a top tournament (Wimbledon) employ an optimal (efficient) service strategy. While we show that top players do not, in general, follow an optimal strategy, our principal result is that the estimated inefficiencies are not large: the inefficiency regarding winning a point on service is on average 1.1% for men and 2.0% for women, implying that–by adopting an efficient service strategy–players can (on average) increase the probability of winning a match by 2.4%-points for men and 3.2%-points for women. While the inefficiencies may seem small, the financial consequences for the efficient player at Wimbledon can be substantial: the expected paycheck could rise by 18.7% for men and even by 32.8% for women. We use these findings to shed some light on the question of whether economic agents are successful optimizers.     

Defining hospital clusters and associated service communities in metropolitan areas.

According to traditional concepts of hospital governance, each institution is considered responsible for the care of a defined community. Evaluation of hospital performance and effective service planning both require that hospitals' service communities be identified. However, in metropolitan regions it is difficult to associate a geographic population with any one hospital because of the wide choice of facilities available to area residents. The service community concept becomes more meaningful in these regions if several hospitals with overlapping geographic communities are defined as a cluster.This paper describes a two-step method for identifying hospital clusters and their associated service communities. The first step involves analysis of patient origin data to identify logical clusters of hospitals. Three algorithms for performing this analysis are presented. In the second step, analytical findings are reviewed by a panel of area planners and hospital experts who, considering additional qualitative factors, determine how the hospitals may be most appropriately grouped. Experience in using this method for hospitals in the seven-county region around Detroit, Michigan suggests that reasonable clusters can be identified, although clusters of central city hospitals are less well-defined than those in the suburban areas.     

Felt responsibility for change in public organizations: general and sector-specific paths

Employees may be a source of performance-enhancing innovation or an obstacle to its implementation. This article develops a model of felt responsibility for change that integrates general and public sector-specific components. Structural equation modelling using survey data collected from Korean government employees suggests that both transformational leadership and performance-based incentives influence change attitudes by strengthening an organization’s climate for innovation. The analysis also suggests that transformational leadership wields influence through reinforcing public service motivation. It is argued that this path is uniquely relevant to the implementation of reform in the public sector.     

基于空间非均衡视角的"大城市病"成因研究

本文通过多次实验,选取空间自相关程度最为显著的距离阈值,设定空间权重矩阵,使得空间权重矩阵更加符合我国城市分布特征,充分体现人口在城市集聚过程中的空间自回归机制,并结合广义空间模型和广义空间两阶段最小二乘法,实证探查“大城市病”成因,研究发现:就业机会、流通经济布局和公共服务的空间非均衡是导致人口过度集聚,从而引致“大城市病”的显著相关因素,并针对以上因素给出了对策建议。     

A DEA-centric decision support system for evaluating Ciclovía-Recreativa programs in the Americas

Ciclovía-Recreativa (CR) is a community-based program with health and social benefits including physical activity promotion, social capital development, improvement in the population's quality of life, and reduction of air pollution and street noise. It is critical that these programs are evaluated through their operational performance and efficient use of resources. In this paper, we develop a DEA methodology that measures each CR efficiency relative to its peer programs, compares its performance to a benchmark system, identifies its sources of inefficiencies and offers recommendations for improvement. We examine the proposed methodology on programs in the region of the Americas as a case study and demonstrate the results and the recommendations. Finally, we present a spreadsheet-based DEA-centric Decision Support System (DSS) that facilitates the evaluation of the CR programs. Based on this study, an award called “Bicis de Calidad” (in English “Bikes of Quality”) was created to be granted to the best CR programs reaching full efficiency according to the DEA outcomes.     

生产性服务业对制造业生产效率提升效应的实证分析——基于中国城市面板数据的空间计量分析

依托生产性服务业的发展带动制造业生产效率的提升,对于中国制造业转型升级具有重要意义。基于2005-2016年中国239个城市层面的面板数据,运用空间面板计量模型（SEM和SAR）,并且构建地理邻接与地理距离两种空间权重矩阵,实证分析了生产性服务业对制造业效率的提升作用。研究表明,生产性服务业不仅可以提升本地区的制造业效率,而且通过空间溢出效应提升其邻近地区的制造业效率。各个区域的生产性服务业对制造业效率的提升作用存在一定的差异,其中长江三角洲地区的提升作用明显高于其他地区,而中部地区的提升作用最小,并且中部地区的空间溢出效应不显著。     

Development similarities in urban clusters: Evidence from a spatial analysis of Israel''s urban system

The effect of geographic proximity on the similarity of development rates exhibited by urban localities in Israel is investigated. The analysis is carried out in three stages. During the first stage, Moran's I measure of spatial autocorrelation is used, indicating that the spatial autocorrelation of development rates drops as inter-town distances increase. In the second stage, the impact of explanatory variables (population size, remoteness, etc.) is tested using both Ordinary Least Squares (OLSs) and Spatial Lag Models (SLMs). The analysis indicates that inter-town proximity is a significant factor that helps to improve regression fits. Lastly, during the third step of the analysis, the spatial association of development rates is studied separately for centrally located and peripheral towns. The analysis points out that proximity effects appear to be stronger in the periphery.     

A supply-demand model of public sector size

We develop a supply-demand model for the public sector with a political equilibrium. The model considers the inefficiencies caused by taxes and includes costs associated with the provision of public goods to consumers. We show that the size of the public sector may depend on the median voter's income, population size, costs associated with paying tax, and quality of institutions, all of which reflect the costs of provisioning public goods. The estimates for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries are compatible with theoretical predictions; however, they do not confirm Wagner's law, which holds that the public sector share does not grow with an increase in income. A greater dependency ratio and the Gini coefficient increase demand for redistribution policies. Greater government effectiveness is a supply-side factor that increases the public sector's share in an economy.     

Solar powered light emitting diode distribution in developing countries: An assessment of potential distribution sites in rural Cambodia using network analyses

The objective of this research is to use geographic information systems and spatial analyses to create a template for distributing lighting, particularly light emitting diodes, in developing countries. Approximately 1.6 billion people do not have access to traditional electrical systems; therefore, a significant number of people do not have access to safe, efficient, and inexpensive lighting technologies. This research addresses the need for lighting in one developing country. As an introductory case study area for the distribution of lighting products, Cambodia has a population that is considerable, rural, and without electricity. In addition, a significant percentage of Cambodia’s population will not have access to grid-quality electricity by 2030. To help alleviate this lighting deficiency, eliminate inappropriate distribution areas, and create a list of potential locations, the authors use geographic information system techniques to address four site-specific characteristics (grid electricity access, water inundation potential, hazardous landmine locations, and extreme poverty levels). To select among potential locations, the authors combine spatial analyses, service area delineations, and origin-destination cost matrices into a heuristic method for determining one location. These analyses identify the commune of Kantreang as the most appropriate location for lighting distribution.     

Household search and health insurance coverage

Health insurance in the United States is typically acquired through an employer-sponsored program. Often employees offered employer-provided health insurance have the option to extend coverage to their spouse and dependents. We investigate the implications of the “publicness” of health insurance coverage for the labor market careers of spouses. The theoretical innovations in the paper are to extend the standard partial–partial equilibrium labor market search model to a multiple searcher setting with the inclusion of multi-attribute job offers, with some of the attributes treated as public goods within the household. The model is estimated using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) using a Method of Simulated Moments (MSM) estimator. We demonstrate how previous estimates of the marginal willingness to pay (MWP) for health insurance based on cross-sectional linear regression estimators may be seriously biased due to the presence of dynamic selection effects and misspecification of the decision-making unit.