Biosimilars in North America

ABSTRACT

The United States (US) is the world leader in the development of biopharmaceutical products. These new drugs, numbering about 200, are now losing patent protection and imitators are entering the market of comparable drugs, called biosimilars. According to a popular belief, these producers of biosimilars (erroneously called copycats) are everywhere, except in the United States. In North America, on both sides of the US border, the increase in the number of biosimilar producers is evident. In addition, although the US federal government tries to erect barriers against the entry of foreign-made biosimilars in the country, many states are lobbying the federal government and allowing the use of biosimilars. And biosimilars represent a very convenient ladder for emergent and industrial countries to learn the enigmatic routines of the pharmaceutical industry. Where this segment of the industry will be located is another matter.     

北美钻石之都——耶洛奈夫

加拿大耶洛奈夫市市长ＧｏｒｄｏｎＶａｎＴｉｇｈｅｍ以盛产黄金于２０世纪３０年代～４０年代发展起来的耶洛奈夫市而今已发展成为盛产钻石的城市。作为西北地区的首府 ,耶洛奈夫市拥有人口１８０２８人 ,座落于一座金山上 ,以北２００公里处有两座钻石矿。以“北极”注册的钻石是加拿大首屈一指的珠宝。·展现我们的优势随着钻石业的迅猛发展 ,耶洛奈夫市正式将自己的发展方向确定为“北美钻石之都” ,这无疑是一项激动人心的决策。耶洛奈夫市经济发展部将这一决策看作是确立自己在国内外钻石界地位的关键一环。为了促进社会各界的共识 ,…     

北美纺织市场调查和研究

自１９９９年起，我受中国华源集团委派，长驻美国和墨西哥，担任美国UNISUNINTERNATIONALINC．总经理和墨西哥SINATEXS．A．DEC．V．总经理。SINATEX是建在墨西哥的一个十万锭棉纺厂，总投资９６００万美元，是我国纺织行业最大的海外企业。２００１年５月２８日公司举行了隆     

North America: A case for economic integration

The recent protectionist trend in trade policy in the United States and other OECD countries is making it more difficult for debtor countries, such as Mexico, to meet their external obligations. In contrast, Mexico and most other debtor nations have adopted more liberal trade policies in recent years. The success of the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement will expand trading opportunities in the North American economies; however, Mexico is expected to encounter difficulties in competing in this market because of the barriers to trade and investment flows that have existed in the past. This paper discusses the potential impact of a North American Free Trade Agreement on the Mexican economy and the prospects for such an agreement in the current political economy.     

A mark II survey and critique of future research teaching in North America

In 1970, an initial survey was carried out on teaching futurism at the undergraduate level based on forty courses that could be located in Canada and the United States (Technological Forecasting and Social Change, December 1970). During 1971 and 1972, information was collected, primarily by a replicated questionnaire, on approximately 200 courses in North America; this was reported on to the Third World Future Research Conference in Bucharest (September 1972) indicating major changes that had occured over the two-year period in the field. Six generalizations were made: (1) Futurism is becoming increasingly institutionalized as more and more courses are being “futurized” to a greater or lesser degree. (2) Learning/teaching interaction tends increasingly to employ innovative or “futuristic” techniques. (3) Much influential and seminal work in future research is not made by “futurists” per se, but enters the field from outside: technological forecasting and assessment, systems analysis, gaming, model building, etc. (4) Interdisciplinary future-oriented research on contemporary problems may be adding a new dimension to human capability. (5) There is still much froth and nonsense in “futuristics”, but can future research be truly innovative without such imaginative inputs? (6) Future research may turn out to be merely a subset in the policy sciences, i.e., delivery systems.     

制度依附对东欧和拉美一些国家改革的影响

近年来,一些发展中国家对发达国家的依附已从生产力发展的依附走向制度依附,其结果是带来制度目标的扭曲和自主发展能力、制度创新能力的丧失,这成为经济停滞不前、收入分配失衡、自主创新能力下降的主要原因。     

Dynamic comparative advantage: Some implications for trade policy in North America

This paper explores the implications of changing North American trade policies for dynamic comparative advantage and shows, with examples from the energy and high-technology sectors, how a new policy based on interdependence might work. Newly industrializing countries such as Mexico should aim to break into industries with progressively higher technological and value-added components, such as computer manufacturing—industries that are entering a period of expanded demand and going beyond the period of greatest capital intensity. Although few Mexican firms might be expected to enter such oligopolistic markets alone (at least in the short run), they could combine forces with established enterprises abroad in order to permit gradual market penetration. The examples in the paper illustrate the need for a stable macroeconomic framework for policymaking that includes exchange rates, investment incentives, relative price behavior, taxes, intellectual property rights, labor and environmental regulations, capital market policies, harmonization of standards, and other measures. There is also a need for policies that anticipate the potential private and social returns of activities that might be overlooked in a static framework.     

Employment and Productivity Growth in Europe and North America: The Impact of Labor Market Institutions

In this paper, we examine long-run employment and productivity growth in the major economies of North America and Europe from 1960 to the early 1990s. We develop a model in which output growth is determined by the growth of aggregate demand, and the relative contributions of employment and productivity growth to the growth of output depend on country specific labor market institutions. We find that institutions that promote collective bargaining, employment security and social protection have roughly equal and opposite effects on employment growth (negative) and productivity growth (positive), giving rise to an inverse relationship between these variables. The welfare implications of this finding are that labor market deregulation could result in more work and greater inequality and insecurity for workers, without significantly increasing the rate of economic growth.     

North–South Trade and Occupational Wages: Some Evidence from North America

The issue of trade and wages in general, and of North–South trade and wages in particular, has recently received a great deal of attention by economists and public policy analysts. This paper offers some empirical evidence of the effects of North–South trade on occupational wages in North America. Using a detailed, applied general equilibrium model, results are obtained indicating that it is possible for trade liberalization among the North American countries to entail real wage benefits for most occupational groups in all three countries. An exception to this general pattern is the case of agricultural laborers in Mexico.     

Can Supply‐Side Policies Reduce Unemployment? Lessons from North America

North America offers lessons about policies that help sustain low unemployment. This article examines the effects of 'supply-side' policies, which boost the skills of the workforce and improve microeconomic incentives facing workers and employers.
Two supply-side policies were expanded after the mid-1980s. First, the United States increased earnings supplements, payable to low-income workers, to encourage adults to find and keep jobs. Second, social assistance programs limited the duration of transfer payments and linked support benefits to workers' participation in job search, occupational training, and community work experience programs. These measures increased job holding among economically disadvantaged adults. In the 1980s and 1990s the United States also maintained strong incentives for employers to create jobs for the hard-to-employ. Payroll tax and regulatory burdens on employers were kept low, and the modest legal minimum wage was allowed to fall in real terms. US experience suggests that selective supply-side policies can boost the employment rates of the hard-to-employ and help maintain a low rate of structural unemployment.     

Effects of the structural change on transaction costs between North America natural gas spot markets

Threshold cointegration between market pairs before and after the potential structural break associated with the shale gas revolution is examined. Pairwise transaction costs differ between the pre- and post-break periods. During the post-break period, five of seven pairwise transaction costs decrease, while the remaining two pair-wise transaction costs increase relative to the pre-break period. Alterations in natural gas flows as the result of the shale gas revolution partially explain the changes in transaction costs.     

Taxation and market work: is Scandinavia an outlier?

This paper argues that it is essential to explicitly consider how the government spends tax revenues when assessing the effects of tax rates on aggregate hours of market work. Different forms of government spending imply different elasticities of hours of work with regard to tax rates. I illustrate the empirical importance of this point by addressing the issue of hours worked and tax rates in three sets of economies: the US, Continental Europe and Scandinavia. While tax rates are highest in Scandinavia, hours worked in Scandinavia are significantly higher than they are in Continental Europe. I argue that differences in the form of government spending can potentially account for this pattern. An early version of the paper was presented at the 2003 conference in honor of Prescott being award the Nemmers Prize in Economics, held at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. I have benefitted from the comments of numerous seminar participants, but would like to particularly thank Robert Lucas, Ed Prescott, and Nancy Stokey, as well as two anonymous referees, Stephen Parente and Anne Villamil for useful comments. I thank the NSF for financial support.     

传媒产制的“第三部门”：北美和澳大利亚社区媒体的实践、制度及民主价值

本文概述和解释了北美和澳大利亚的社区媒体状况,包括其多元形态和角色、抗争和合法化的历史、政策基础、背后的哲学理念,以及在这些社会所赋予的民主角色及其现实表现,并讨论围绕它所产生的相关学术论辩及在当今时代的趋势、困境和启示,主要集中在广播和电视两种媒体。本文的目的是帮助理解,在传统的“公共”和“商业”之外的第三种媒个产制模式在西方社会究竟是如何运作,并如何发生其社会作用,它对于中国的传媒改革可以提供哪些启示。本文同时也希望对变迁时代的中国公民社会的研究和实践提供启示,讨论公民社会作为传播主体可以如何发挥其传播力量,以丰富现有的社会与政治话语,服务地方性社区和居于弱势的社群的传播需要,推动社会正义,进而实现其民主价值,这在当代中国可能同样具有现实意义。     

Particularly Polar Programs: Social Economics and Divergent Settlement Policies in Postwar Scandinavia

For two decades following World War II, Sweden and Norway diverged markedly concerning domestic migration and urbanization. While the Swedes encouraged migration from economically weak rural districts to more prosperous urban areas, Norway worked to deter migration from its weakest region and retard the growth of its largest cities, including Oslo. This paper highlights economic foundations for those divergent policies, focusing on historical circumstances, conventional thought, and eminent economists. The discussion applies today as nations ponder the possibility of less centralized urban networks.     

北美大型建筑企业及工程承包市场--中国大型建筑企业家经济合作考察团考察报告摘要

今年2-3月,以中国对外承包商会副会长、建筑分会会长符曜伟为团长,由中国建筑工程总公司副总经理郭爱华、中国铁道建筑总公司副总经理何能金、北京建工集团董事长孙维林、中国核工业建设集团公司常务副总经理王寿君、中国机械工业建设总公司总裁王治安、湖南省建筑工程集团总公司总经理陈国平组成的中国建筑企业家经济合作考察团访问了加拿大和美国,对在全球排名前列的加拿大和美国四家大型跨国建筑企业及北美建筑市场的相关情况进行了实地考察。代表团成员企业与加拿大、美国大型跨国建筑公司就初步建立战略伙伴关系达成共识,为在中国市场和国际工程承包市场上进行全面合作奠定了基础。本刊特将此次考察报告的核心内容予以发表,希26望对读者进一步了解北美大型建筑企业及工程承包市场有所助益。     

Post‐Malthusian Dynamics in Pre‐Industrial Scandinavia

Theories of economic growth hypothesize that the transition from pre‐industrial stagnation to sustained growth is associated with a post‐Malthusian phase in which technological progress raises income and spurs population growth while offsetting diminishing returns to labor. Evidence suggests that England was characterized by post‐Malthusian dynamics preceding the Industrial Revolution. However, given England's special position as the forerunner of the Industrial Revolution, it is unclear if a transitory post‐Malthusian period is a general phenomenon. Using data from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, this research provides evidence for the existence of a post‐Malthusian phase in the transition from stagnation to growth in Scandinavia.     

中国拉美石油能源战略与拉美石油能源国有化

我国自20世纪90年代以来实施的拉美石油能源战略已经初现成效,但近年来,拉关一些主要产油国的石油能源国有化对我国拉关石油能源战略产生了强烈的冲击。因此,我国拉关石油能源战略在实施中应注重经济关系改善,巩固和扩大市场;淡化政治,突出合作的企业行为;采取多种战略组合开发模式,提高规避和抗击各类风险的能力。     

Human capital and measurable dynamic gains from economic integration: An application to the economic integration of North and South America

The paper looks at the source of dynamic gains to trade liberalization using a two-country model with both physical and human capital accumulation. The model is calibrated and used to examine the effect of the economic integration of Canada and the United States with Latin America. The analysis assumes that differences in productivity levels between regions are due entirely to differences in human and physical capital endowments. Key assumptions are that capital is internationally mobile and human capital formation is income constrained. The simulated impact of moving to a hemispheric free trade area is significant. The long-run impacts are also different from the short-run efficiency effect predicted by conventional static triangle-rectangle analysis. The long-runmultiplier effect on static output gains are on the order of 2.0 to 2.5 for the South—that is long-run output gains are 2.0 to 2.5 times predicted short-run static gains. In the case of the North, static predictions of gain are ambiguous in sign over the longer run; in some cases there are small dynamic gains-in others. small losses. Investment diversion toward Latin America is a prominent characteristic of the results.