正确评价苏联社会主义模式

苏联社会主义模式是马克思主义基本原理同苏联的具体国情、时代特征相结合的产物。要正确评价苏联社会主义模式,必须看其是否坚持了科学社会主义的基本原则;其具体的实现形式在苏联是如何实现的。苏联社会主义模式总体上是正确的,只是局部有错误。     

忽视社会建设：“苏联模式”遗产——关于“苏联模式”失败原因的探析

20世纪中苏两国的社会主义实践格外引人瞩目,它们以基本相同的背景拉开了序幕,但结局大相径庭。在悲痛和喜出望外之余值得我们思考的,恰恰在于如何更好地理解和坚持马克思的社会主义思想。或许,我们还可将忽视社会建设问题视为＂苏联模式＂失败的重要原因。重温20世纪苏联社会主义实践失败的历史教训,能够为深入思考当前中国特色社会主义建设提供有益的启示。     

比较视阈中的中国特色社会主义

在比较视阈中考察中国特色社会主义与资本主义、民主社会主义、＂苏联模式＂社会主义之间的关系,认为中国特色社会主义坚持了科学社会主义的基本原则,在社会制度上与资本主义是根本对立的;民主社会主义不是社会主义的实现形式,而是资本主义的一种模式,中国特色社会主义与民主社会主义有本质区别;＂苏联模式＂社会主义是社会主义的实现形式,中国特色社会主义是对＂苏联模式＂社会主义的扬弃。     

试论苏联社会主义建设的历史经验和教训

研究和总结苏联社会主义建设的历史经验教训,对深入理解邓小平理论,坚定社会主义信念,推进国际共产主义运动的健康发展有着重要的现实意义。     

浅谈苏联模式对中国的影响

苏联模式是第一个社会主义的实践形式,为其社会主义建设发挥了巨大的作用,它使苏联快速地实现了工业化、加快了苏联的现代化.为此,苏联模式一度成为20世纪中叶诞生的社会主义国家竞相模仿和学习的对象.我国社会主义建设是在照抄照搬苏联模式开始的,深受其影响,取得了重大的成就,但也经历了不少的挫折.我国的社会主义改革是在扬弃苏联模式的基础上开启的,在这一过程中,我们形成了不同于苏联模式的中国特色社会主义道路,实践证明,这是一条符合中国实际发展的正确的道路.     

浅谈苏联模式对中国影响

苏联模式是第一个社会主义的实践形式，为其社会主义建设发挥了巨大的作用，它使苏联快速地实现了工业化、加快了苏联的现代化。为此，苏联模式一度成为20世纪中叶诞生的社会主义国家竞相模仿和学习的对象。我国社会主义建设是在照抄照搬苏联模式开始的，深受其影响，取得了重大的成就，但也经历了不少的挫折。我国的社会主义改革是在扬弃苏联模式的基础上开启的，在这一过程中，我们形成了不同于苏联模式的中国特色社会主义道路，实践证明，这是一条符合中国实际发展的正确的道路。     

苏联剧变20年后的再思考

在苏联剧变已经20年之后,结合中国30多年实行改革开放政策以来的状况,应进一步深入研究苏联剧变的原因及我国应吸取的教训。对苏联剧变的根本性原因,研究者们至今存在不同看法,因此得出教训自然也不同。文章分析了产生不同观点的深层次因素,并在此基础上思考了当今中国应吸取什么重要教训。     

民主社会主义发展的中国思考

民主社会主义,是一种主张在民主体制里进行社会主义运动的政治意识形态,最初是与科学社会主义产生于同时代环境下的"异性兄弟".但在随后的成长过程中,在理论来源、 价值目标、 实现途径等方面与科学社会主义产生了本质的分歧,发展至今成为了资本主义制度框架内的一种改良主义.但从始至终其都伴随着社会主义的发展而发展,在日新月异的时代变化中又展现出新的活力.特别是在资本主义国家发展陷入低谷期,民主社会主义思潮的呼声在逐步扩大,对人们思想的影响不容忽视.新形势下,重新梳理其历史脉络,分析本质特点与当代状况,比较与科学社会主义的差异,对于坚持把握中国特色社会主义道路的正确方向具有十分重要的意义.     

Former Soviet Union

Statistical Annex

Former Soviet Union     

Russian language skills and employment in the Former Soviet Union

During the Soviet era, proficiency in the Russian language was often a ticket to attractive employment opportunities in the member republics. Does it still contribute to securing employment in the former Soviet republics after two decades of transition? Using data from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the years 2008–2010, this paper demonstrates that Russian language skills remain economically valuable. The baseline estimates suggest that Russian language skills increase probability of employment by about 6 (males) and 9 (females) percentage points. Our results bear important implications for the ongoing debates on language policies in the post‐Soviet countries.     

二战期间苏联核战略启动决策述论——基于苏联解密档案的研究

第二次世界大战期间,苏联就是否启动核战略工程进行研究和决策。二战初期,苏联领导人并不重视核武器的研究,而在1941年6月22日遭到德国法西斯入侵后更是集中全力进行卫国战争。一部分具有远见的苏联科学家不断呼吁苏联领导层重视核武器研制,苏联间谍机构也提供了大量关于英美等国核研究的重要情报,这些因素促使苏联领导层逐渐重视核武器的研制。而在美国核垄断的威胁下,苏联领导人最终作出决策,启动了苏联的核战略工程。     

中国与东欧及前苏联的经济改革比较——杰弗里·萨克斯对中国经济改革的论述

美国经济学家杰弗里·萨克斯对中国的经济改革进程做了大量的实证分析,并与东欧及前苏联的经济改革经验相比较,得出了许多有益的观点。文章主要是对中国与东欧及前苏联改革经验的比较进行综述与评价。     

The Development of Commodity Exchanges in the Former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China

The virtual collapse of the centrally planned economies of the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and the more gradual transition from central planning to a market-oriented economy in China were both accompanied by the opening of hundreds of exchanges trading many agricultural, resource, and other physical commodities. Although many viewed them as harbingers of full-fledged market-based economies, most of the new exchanges in fact have since closed either for lack of activity or by government intervention, a history that this paper documents. New exchanges faced numerous obstacles in sustaining interest, from developing standardised contract terms to establishing effective self-regulation and state regulatory oversight. In several countries, the transparency of transactions on exchanges attracted governments interested in collecting taxes and customs duties which only drove trade away from the exchanges or turned them into little more than state agencies. In China, regulators struggled with duplicative exchanges and products, price volatility, large speculative interest, and several manipulations and have recently reduced the number of exchanges to just three and severely limited the commodities traded. There have been some successes too, including (at least prospectively) the three remaining exchanges in China, the Budapest Commodity Exchange in Hungary, and the Poznan Commodity Exchange in Poland. For all, identifying the terms to create standardised contracts has been (and continues to be) a major challenge.     

New Private Enterprises in Three Transitional Contexts: Central Europe,the Former Soviet Union and China

This article compares the new private businesses that have been created in three transitional (from communism) contexts: Central Europe (Hungary, Poland and Slovakia), the former Soviet Union (Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine) and Asia (China). There have been major differences among these world regions in the contexts created for the development of new enterprises: in the pace of change, the extent to which state control and the rule of law have been maintained or created, whether there has been economic growth, decline or stagnation, the degrees of political continuity and the length of the communist period. Despite the contrasting contexts, there have been many similarities in the characteristics of new private businesses, but alongside some major differences: in the types of business with which beginners have usually commenced, the match with their specialities, whether self-employment has normally been a full-time or part-time occupation, whether or not the state has been perceived as basically supportive, in uses of the second economies and bribery, and whether sole proprietorship or partnership has been the normal initial business arrangement. It is concluded that there are just two essential conditions for successful transition (as regards the development of small business sectors): economic growth and the rule of law. Thereafter everything seems to depend on creating a favourable configuration of conditions which, our evidence suggests, is most likely when countries have maximum scope to plot their own transitional routes. It is argued that imposing one allegedly correct approach will usually be counter-productive.     

Cooption and Repression in the Soviet Union

The Soviet ruling elite, the nomenklatura, used both cooption and political repression to encourage loyalty to the communist regime. Loyalty was critical both in defusing internal opposition to the rule of the nomenklatura and in either deterring or defeating foreign enemies of the Soviet Union. The cost of coopting people into the Communist Party was a decrease in the standard of living of members of the nomenklatura, whereas the cost of political repression was the danger that members of the nomenklatura would themselves be victimized. We assume that the nomenklatura determined the extent of cooption and the intensity of political repression by equating perceived marginal benefits and marginal costs. We use this assumption to construct an account of the historical evolution of policies of cooption and political repression in the Soviet Union.     

Repressed inflation in the Soviet Union: A temporary equilibrium approach

The Soviet economy is modeled by means of temporary general equilibrium theory. Three temporary equilibrium states are distinguished. In Walrasian equilibrium, all markets clear. Under repressed inflation, there is excess consumer demand for goods marketed by the state, while consumer demand is deficient in the underconsumption regime. The dynamics of these temporary equilibrium states are studied and the dynamic adjustment equations fitted to Soviet data. Simulation of the model offers an explanation for the tendency of the inventories/cash balances ratio to fall since 1965.     

Inspiration vs. perspiration in economic development of the Former Soviet Union and China (ca. 1920–2010)

Here, we discuss the role of both perspiration factors (physical and human capital) and inspiration factors (Total Factor Productivity) in the economic development of the Former Soviet Union area (FSU) and China, ca. 1920–2010. Using a newly created dataset, we find that during the Socialist central‐planning period, economic growth in both countries was largely driven by physical capital accumulation. This finding follows logically from the development policies in place at that time. During their transition periods, (i.e., starting from the late 1970s in China and the late 1980s in the FSU), China managed to keep technical inefficiency of production factors in check, largely by massively increasing its human capital, thereby lowering the physical‐to‐human capital ratio. In contrast, the FSU accomplished a similar outcome largely through reducing its stock of physical capital. As a result, although there was little difference in technical efficiency between these two economies, China's emphasis on human capital formation made it easier for this country to improve its general productivity and to increase per capita growth. This changed in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the FSU began to recover economically, regaining its 1990 levels of output and productivity.