新自由主义、金融危机与资本主义模式的调整——美国模式、日本模式和瑞典模式的比较

20世纪80年代,伴随着新自由主义思潮的兴起,发达资本主义国家的不同市场经济模式集体转向了新自由主义市场经济模式。20世纪90年代,美国模式、日本模式和瑞典模式几乎同时爆发了金融危机。美国模式对新自由主义政策进行了短暂调整后,又重蹈覆辙;日本模式则在新自由主义模式与日本模式之间摇摆不定,其结果导致日本经历了失去的二十年。瑞典模式则在坚持自身模式合理内核的基础上,弱化了新自由主义政策主张,迅速走出危机,走向持续发展。2007年美国次贷危机标志着新自由主义模式的终结,可以预见,无论是美国模式、日本模式还是瑞典模式,都将在坚持自身模式合理内核的基础上,更加注重向经济绩效和社会绩效均衡发展的方向调整。从本质上看,无论哪种资本主义市场经济模式,都无非是资本主义生产关系的一种调节形式而已,它们都无法从根本上克服资本主义基本矛盾带来的经济周期律。     

20世纪以来资本主义的反危机实践——以美国三次大危机为例

20世纪以来,资本主义国家经历了三次大危机。作为历次危机重灾区的美国,通过实施"罗斯福新政"、"里根经济学"和"奥巴马新政",对危机进行了应对。在资本主义反危机实践中,自由主义和国家干预始终是其主旋律。不断修正作为指导思想的自由主义,强化国家干预———弱化国家干预———再强化国家干预,正是资本主义反危机政策的演变逻辑。然而,无论是对自由主义的修正,还是对国家干预的调整,都没有消除资本主义的基本矛盾,而只要资本主义基本矛盾还在,资本主义就无法摆脱危机的命运。     

马克思资本主义精神思想及其当代价值

在马克思的《资本论》中包含着丰富的资本主义精神思想。马克思从三种意义上对这一问题作了论述,一是对一般商品经济社会的市场经济精神进行了分析,二是对资本主义精神进行了批判,三是对未来社会进行了展望。贪欲精神、剥削精神、利己精神和拜物教精神是马克思资本主义精神的基本内涵。生产方式、资本逻辑、批判意识、辨证方法、历史观点等是马克思分析的不同视角。随着资本在全球范围的流动,资本现象已经成为社会主义的普遍现象,研究马克思的资本主义精神思想的价值就在于为建构社会主义市场经济精神提供正确指导。     

经济危机的机制分析——基于马克思和后凯恩斯主义危机理论的视角

在自由主义经济信条的指引下,人类社会正在经历着进入新世纪以来空前严重的经济危机。人们在反思西方自由市场经济思想弊端的同时,不断重温马克思在《资本论》中关于资本主义经济危机的深刻剖析。西方主流经济学在解释当前发生的经济危机时,显得苍白无力。与西方主流经济学相比,马克思的经济理论深刻的阐述了经济危机的本质,即危机本质上是实体经济的危机。此外,后凯恩斯主义危机理论对当前的金融危机也具有很强的解释能力。     

马克思关于金融危机的论述及其现代启示

马克思在《资本论》中对资本主义金融危机做过极为深刻的论述。资本的贪婪使一切资本主义生产方式的国家都会周期性地陷入绕过生产过程而赚钱的狂热阶段。在生息资本的形式上,产生了脱离实体经济追求货币自行增殖的资本拜物教妄想。资本主义信用制度创造出拿他人的、社会的财产进行冒险赚钱的赌博欺诈制度。虚拟化的信贷、金融证券过度膨胀,必然会造成货币危机。资本主义国家政府为银行资本服务,加速了危机的爆发。重温马克思的论述可以认识到,美欧金融危机的根源在于资本主义生产方式,危机在实质上是资本主义经济制度的危机。《资本论》仍然具有强大的生命力。经济学工作者应当在全面、深入地学习马克思主义原著上下功夫。     

当前金融危机和经济危机背景下西方经济思潮的新动向

本文考察了当前金融危机和经济危机背景下西方经济思潮的新动向:对资本主义的反思和对新资本主义的构想;对新自由主义的反思和对新国家干预主义的构想;对自由市场经济体制与政策体系的反思和对市场与政府平衡的市场经济体制与政策体系的构想;对经济全球化的反思和对全球经济新秩序的构想;对西方经济学的质疑和对马克思经济学的再认识。本文最后对西方经济思潮的新动向作了分析和评论。     

福克斯的"逆商品拜物教"批判及其困限

基于社交媒体的数据商品生产与消费变得越来越具有隐蔽性和胁迫性.福克斯以拜物教与意识形态的互构共生为切入点,拓展和延续马克思拜物教的批判主题,揭示和批判资本主义社交媒体的"逆商品拜物教"特征,借以凸显当代资本主义日益加剧的数字异化境况以及资本剥削逻辑的延伸.但他将这一批判局限于社交媒体领域,割裂社交媒体与整个资本主义大生产体系的联系,不仅弱化了马克思拜物教理论所具有的批判意义,还偏离了马克思"自由人联合体"的理论预判和建构原则.只有回到《资本论》总体语境中,通达社会整体性批判自觉与无产阶级自我革命的良性互动,才能穿透商品拜物教的魔力、真正挣脱拜物教观念和资本主义意识形态的束缚.     

美国金融危机原因的三重解读

美国金融危机的发生具有必然性。从深层上看,2007年爆发的美国次贷危机是源于资本主义基本制度;从中间层次上看,此次美国金融危机是源于现代自由市场经济运行模式的根本缺陷;从表面上看,此次世界性经济危机是因为新自由主义的全球化误导。从次贷危机演变为金融危机进而又加深为世界性经济危机,其内在逻辑在于大资产阶级掌控下的资本主义私有制孕育了危机全球化的所有基因。     

金融危机、新自由主义与中国的道路

愈演愈烈的世界性金融经济危机正在成为资本主义发展新阶段即国际金融垄断资本主义或新自由主义发展阶段的一次总危机,危机事实上宣告了新自由主义的终结。应对这场危机从根本上说就是要毫不动摇地坚持和完善社会主义市场经济体制,完善基本制度、保障社会公平、加强宏观调控、实现自主发展,赋予中国的发展模式和发展道路以新的活力和创造力,把严峻的危机转化成为前进的动力和发展的机遇。     

全球金融危机与凯恩斯主义

凯恩斯主义经济学的基本特征是"可调节的资本主义".此次国际金融危机中各国政府的应对政策实质上仍然是凯恩斯主义的国家干预,不可能改变资本主义市场经济体制的核心,但政策选择表现出明显的时代特点,并会对其未来国家干预的政策选择产生显著影响.此次国际金融危机使凯恩斯主义与新自由主义经济学加速融合.     

Error or absurdity? A non-cognitive approach to commodity fetishism

Abstract

Karl Marx presented his theory of commodity fetishism as an explanation of the mysterious appearance of social relations in a system of commodity production as natural phenomena. The standard interpretation of this as a failure to perceive capitalist social relations correctly depends on a particular modern sense of ‘natural’. If classical political economy and Marx used ‘natural’ in the Aristotelian sense, commodity fetishism appears quite differently: not as a cognitive error but rather as a manner of living under commodity production, one that is not wrong but absurd, the word fetishism tying commodity production to pre-Enlightenment, preliterate peoples.     

Say’s Law,Marxian Crisis Theory and the Interconnectedness of the Capitalist Economy

ABSTRACT

Scholars have long debated exactly why Marx felt that general gluts were not just possible, but inevitable. This article argues that Theories of Surplus Value anchored that necessity in the complex interconnectedness that characterizes capitalist production. There, Marx’s criticism of Say’s Law builds on a version of crisis theory that begins with raw material shortages in a leading sector. The disturbance is then transmitted through the many inter-industry linkages in the capitalist economy. What starts as a supply-side shock in a leading sector is transformed into a broad crisis of aggregate demand as workers are laid off and businesses fall into insolvency. This article argues that Marx’s later discussion of other types of crises in Capital can be read as consistent with this approach. A severe profit squeeze in a leading sector (whether originating in intermediate good prices, market demand, rising wages or rising use of fixed capital) necessarily turns into a general glut. In this context, Say’s Law becomes an irrelevant theorem concerning an imaginary economy. What Marx sees as fundamentally new under capitalism is not the use of money and the separation of sale and purchase, but massive interconnectedness.     

中央银行在应对经济危机中的作用及局限——马克思的论述及其当代价值

马克思以英格兰银行为例,深入地研究了中央银行在应对资本主义经济危机中的作用,其主要思想可以概括为三个方面.一是中央银行具有国家货币管理机构和信用枢纽的双重性质,这决定了中央银行有应对经济危机的内在职能.二是存在两种货币危机,即货币资本运动引发的"特种危机"和"任何危机的一个阶段".针对"特种危机",中央银行的应对措施既...     

Why Crisis Continue?——The Endogenous Reason of Financial Crisis and Evolution to the Debt Crisis and the Enlightenment

当前欧债危机越演越烈,需要重新思考金融危机爆发并且演化为主权债务危机的内生性根源.此次金融危机中,资本主义社会的基本矛盾是危机发生的制度性根源.这一矛盾外化为“相对过剩”.经济机制层面,新自由主义影响下的自由市场经济体制放大了市场经济固有的缺陷,为危机的爆发积累了机制性原因.微观市场层面,缺乏金融监管、不当的房地产和货币政策则是诱发危机的直接原因.高赤字和高负债的背景下,一些国内经济和社会矛盾突出的国家发生主权债务危机是金融危机深化的必然结果.处理好自由市场经济和规制市场经济、金融创新和金融监管、实体经济和虚拟经济的关系以及地方债务问题是此次金融和债务危机给我国的最大启示.     

Use values and exchange values in Marx’s extended reproduction schemes

Abstract

Marx-Engels’ numerical illustrations of the extended reproduction suggest that a two-sector economy reaches a balanced growth path, from the second period onwards. We explain this surprising result and show that for technical reasons, disproportions between sectors can prevent the system from reproducing itself. But, in Marx’s reproduction schemes, such a crisis is not only due to purely technical factors and one must wonder what role is played by the relative price in the reproduction of the system. The answer is given by comparing two models having a similar structure but quite different rules for the determination of the relative price. In Marx’s model, the price is given by the labour values and thus, it is exogenously fixed. We contrast Marx’s analysis with an endogenous price model in which the price depends on the conditions of the accumulation of capital. The Appendices point out the complete accordance of Engels’ corrections with Marx’s model and Marx’s unfruitful quest for a balanced growth path as a tool for the analysis of crises.     

Marx 200: The Abiding Relevance of the Labour Theory of Value

ABSTRACT

Marxist political economy is alive and well, and not just because of the habitual turn to Marx in response to any crisis of capitalism. Both through Capital and through the continuing evolution of Marxism, Marxist political economy offers valuable insights that can illuminate the modalities of social and economic reproduction and the relationships between (different aspects of) the economic and the non-economic. Marxism’s presence has been felt through its own internal debates and debates with other approaches to political economy, and even through its influence on those reacting against Marxism. The key to the continuing relevance and analytical strengths of Marxist political economy lies in its capacity to provide a framework of analysis for unifying disparate insights into and critiques of the contradictions of capitalism across the social sciences. The instrument for forging that unity is Marx’s theory of value, the potential of which is examined and illustrated with reference to the Sraffian critique and two key concepts in Marxian political economy: the value of labour power and financialisation. They are explored in the light of the processes of commodification, commodity form and commodity calculation.     

The Books of Crisis and Tooke–Newmarch excerpts: a new aspect of Marx's crisis theory in MEGA

Abstract

The paper explores a new aspect of the development of the Books of Crisis: the fact that Marx’s empirical research on the 1857 crisis in these notebooks was undertaken as the direct continuation of his study of Thomas Tooke and William Newmarch's A History of Prices. Our investigation will provide clues to better understand the structure and contents of the documents. Particularly, we provide new evidence for why Marx started his research on the 1857 crisis with the French economy, which managed to steer clear of the crisis, rather than with England, which was already acutely affected by it.     

中国社会主义市场经济理论新探:来源与发展

马克思有没有关于未来新社会的商品经济和市场经济思想，或者中国社会主义初级阶段市场经济理论是否渊源于马克思，这是一个有争议的问题。如果从整体、总和、内在联系和发展观上把握马克思的学说，无疑可以得出肯定的答案。同时，西方学者的有关理论如西方兼容理论、市场社会主义和经济全球化理论，则构成了中国社会主义市场经济理论的补充性来源。毛泽东、邓小平和第三代领导集体的理论和实践，创造、丰富和深化了这一理论。     

The United States Boom, 'Clintonomics' and the New Economy Doctrine: A Neo-Gramscian Contribution

The financial crisis that struck South Korea with such ferocity in mid 1997 appeared to take many by surprise. Throughout the 1990s and up until the onset of the crisis, foreign lenders demonstrated their confidence in the Korean economy by literally pouring capital into the country, swelling foreign debt to unprecedented levels. Such confidence was bolstered by the affirmations of international credit rating agencies that attached positive ratings to the Korean economy right up until mid 1997. No one, it seemed, at home or abroad, believed that the Korean star that had risen so quickly and shone so brilliantly could fall as far and as fast as it did. However, barely had the dust settled behind the ‘electronic herd's’ mass exodus when tales of the ‘inherent instabilities’ of the Korean economy began to emerge. The Korean government bore the brunt of heaviest international criticism, its ‘interventionist’ financial policies widely blamed for distorting the market mechanism, leading to the misallocation of economic resources and ultimately precipitating the crisis. Such interpretations of Korea's crisis have, however, since been called into question on numerous grounds.     

马克思虚拟资本理论与国际金融危机

马克思在考察生息资本和信用的基础上,深入论述了资本虚拟化的成因、本质及其对经济生活的影响,这对揭示当前国际金融危机的成因和实质,仍有很强的解释力。当代金融资本的贪婪性所驱动的虚拟资本过度扩张和经济泡沫的膨胀,是国际金融危机的最深刻根源。从中我们得到一些重要启示:正确认识和处理实体经济与虚拟经济的关系;金融创新要适度;对金融资本的贪婪行为要予以节制和限制。