改革和完善土地管理制度的财税建议

10月下旬熏国务院发布的《国务院关于深化改革严格土地理的决定》,强调要严格依法加强土地管理,切实巩固宏观控成果。从当前来看,违法批地、乱占滥用耕地现象仍比较遍,有的甚至还相当严重;盲目投资、低水平重复建设问题比较突出,土地市场治理整顿的成效还只是初步的、阶段性。如何防止治理整顿成果的反弹,有识之士提出了诸多建,财税政策应是措施之一。我国法律规定,国家依法实行国有土地有偿使用制度。国所有土地的所有权由国务院代表国家行使。县(市)人民政代表国务院对土地进行管理。因此,新增建设用地应该由县市)人民政府有偿使用,而且要…     

加强两权市场的宏观调控

在市场经济条件下 ,市场对资源优化配置起基础性作用。但市场具有盲目性 ,市场失灵时 ,可能对资源配置起劣化作用 ,因此 ,政府宏观调控变得十分必要。文章论述了在矿产资源配置中政府宏观调控的途径与手段 ,认为矿产资源规划体系是宏观调控的基础 ;矿产资源法规体系是宏观调控的保证 ;加强矿产资源行政管理体系是宏观调控的途径 ;完善矿产资源市场体系是宏观调控的手段。     

Agricultural Marketing in Belgium and the Netherlands

Agriculture in Belgium and the Netherlands has a strong export tradition and has been market oriented for a long time. In this article agricultural markeling in Belgium and the Netherlands is analyzed on the basis of the concepts structure, conduct and performance. In our review of market structure attention is paid to the structure of agriculture, the food consumer, food retailing, government policies, competition and marketing channels. Afterwards market conduct with respect to product, price, promotion and distribution is discussed. Finally some qualitative observations are made on marketing performance. It is concluded that agricultural marketing policies in Belgium and the NeIherlands are increasingly focusing on value added to the agricultural product. As a result vertical marketing systems/food chain and marketing management become familiar concepts to agicultural marketing.     

Horticultural Auctions in the Netherlands

This paper depicts the evolution of Dutch auctions during the past hundred years from a "price discovery" institution to a "marketing" institution, focusing on price discovery. A conceptual framework is proposed to assess the suitablility of marketing management by agricultural marketing institutions. The history of Dutch horticultural auctions is briefly reviewed. The conceptual framework proposed is applied to the evolution of Dutch horticultural auctions.     

Land consolidation in the Netherlands

One of the major structural problems in Dutch agriculture has been the fragmentation of land holdings. This article reviews the history of land consolidation in the Netherlands, from the early negotiations between individual farmers, through the involvement of both government and landowners in national consolidation projects, to the present situation where decisions have been put entirely in the hands of politicians.     

Determinants of farm diversification in the Netherlands

Farm diversification has been prominently supported by agricultural policy makers aiming to support rural development. To increase the understanding of determinants influencing diversification and hence to increase the efficiency of policies aiming to support farm diversification this paper presents the results of an analysis of diversification determinants. The research investigates Dutch farms diversification strategies using Farm Structural Survey (FSS) data of 2011 including 70,392 farms. The study uses a binary logit model to determine the characteristics influencing the diversification decision in general. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis for six diversification strategies was conducted. Additionally the study categorised the specific diversification activities in order to estimate a multinomial probit model, analysing three choice categories simultaneously. This enables us to compare determinants of farm diversification in general with determinants of specific activities. The analysis includes socio- demographic, economic and geophysical farm characteristics assumed to influence the diversification decision. Even though diversification is largely influenced by similar determinants, we find differences that are most pronounced for the adoption of nature conservation strategies. Consequently, it is important for policy makers to target policies at specific diversification activities in order to increase efficiency.     

Combining results of different models: the case of a levy on the Dutch nitrogen surplus

Economic instruments, such as levies are considered by the Dutch government for reducing the harmful effects of the production and application of manure. To analyse these levies a framework which makes it possible to combine and to choose among different types of research is developed. The results are integrated along the line of the marginal abatement cost curve. The problems related to integrating different types of research are taken into account. The method developed allows every farmer to react to a levy differently. A levy turns out to be more effective to reduce the nitrogen surplus on farm level in the pig fattening sector when compared to the pig breeding sector. But even a levy of 2 guilderd/kg of nitrogen does not remove the total manure surplus in the pig sector and results in large profit losses. Further research is needed to underpin the empirical input required by the model.     

农民收入增长模型:一个宏观计量分析

本文通过建立宏观经济计量模型,对农民收入增长及其影响因素进行回归分析,并提出了相关的政策建议。     

Decomposing Preference Shifts for Meat and Fish in the Netherlands

The changing preferences of Dutch consumers for meat and fish are investigated using a switching almost ideal demand system. Structural change in demand between January 1994 and May 1998 is decomposed into underlying trends, temporarily irreversible preference shifts triggered by the BSE crisis of March 1996, and a “panic” reaction against beef in the month of the crisis itself. Preference shifts due to the BSE scare reduced expenditure shares for beef, minced meat and meat products by 2.5, 3.3 and 7.9 percentage points respectively. There were offsetting gains in the shares of pork, prepared meat and fish. Taking underlying trends also into account, changing preferences over the whole period reduced beefs share by 4.9 percentage points and increased those of poultry, prepared meat and fish by 4.1, 4.9 and 5.2 percentage points respectively.     

Historical and critical review of spatial and transport planning in the Netherlands

The spatial and transport planning have geographical, economic and environmental constraints and are closely linked to the social and political conditions of each country as well as are well under the influence of globalization forces. This makes it all a highly complex issue and requires a better understanding of the background and products of policies and the interaction of a number of key determinant factors in policy-making and implementation. Within this large picture, the long-term review of different cases may provide useful discussions for the guidance and reinforcement of policy assessment. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to critically analyze the planning in the Netherlands through examining the issues of governing structure, spatial policy-making, and transport re-structuring. The leading characteristic of the Netherlands is the scarcity of usable land that has raised high and early awareness on spatial development issues and its connections with natural and environmental protection. The functioning of planning systems, and policy aims and measures within the planning documents since the end of the 1950s, have been reviewed and the key planning concepts have been examined by bringing in general and current discussions on the issues. The success and failure in past policy-making and implementations have been highlighted. The policies of the current spatial and transport planning documents have been evaluated by their main policy titles such as compact city, network of cities and sustainable mobility. There is a general consensus that the Netherlands has been developed into a well planned and organized society and has designed leading policies such as the ABC firm location policy. However, a number of issues such as increasing vehicle kilometres, urban decline and sprawl, and some gaps in policy making remain to be the critical planning challenges.     

Cost-effectiveness of beef slaughterhouse decontamination measures in the Netherlands

The cost-effectiveness of seven decontamination measures to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 (VTEC)-contaminated carcass quarters in a typical Dutch dairy-beef industrial slaughterhouse were explored. To estimate the effectiveness a stochastic epidemiological-simulation model was used and to estimate the net cost a deterministic-economic model. The estimated baseline prevalence of daily-contaminated quarters was 9.16% (with a 90% confidence interval 4.40-13.10%). A reduction in the prevalence of VTEC-contaminated quarters to 2% using decontamination measures is achieved at costs of €0.20 to €0.50 per quarter, which is 16-40% of the net profit per carcass. A reduction to a prevalence of 1% will cost €0.50-€1.00 per quarter. Additional carcass trim and carcass steam-pasteurization are considered as the most cost-effective decontamination measures with costs of €16,340 and €20,243 per year to achieve a 1% prevalence reduction. Nevertheless, the lowest level of VTEC prevalence, less than 1%, is achieved using a set of measures that costs between €1.00 and €2.00 per quarter or, by implementing irradiation, which costs €4.65 per quarter.     

Compulsory purchase for biodiversity conservation in the Netherlands

Policy instruments are the building blocks of land use policies. Instrumentation of policies relates to values. Compulsory purchase is a direct government instrument that may be an effective way to implement policies of biodiversity conservation and the allocation of land for recreational use. It is, however, in many contexts, politically controversial. The Netherlands’ Government has endorsed policies that involve compulsory purchase in up to 10% of land purchases. This paper reviews if this 10%-ceiling can structure relationships between landowners and government agencies in such a way that it relieves constraints imposed by land availability for biodiversity conservation and the provision of recreational areas. The analysis consists of (1) the background of this 10%-ceiling, (2) the actual procedures of compulsory purchase, by analysis of Royal Decrees, (3) the actual compulsory purchases, and (4) the indirect instrumental effects of the use of this instrument. The paper concludes that the 10%-ceiling does not lift the constraints of land availability, but does influence the relationship between stakeholders, the implementation of biodiversity objectives, and land policy strategies. Nevertheless, compulsory purchase may provide possibilities to acquire land necessary for a consolidated natural area.     

荷兰土地整理对我国土地整理发展的启示

荷兰是世界上开展土地整理较早的国家之一 ,在土地整理的立法和政策等方面都较为完善。本文回顾了荷兰土地整理从产生、发展到完善的近一百年的历史 ,同时分析了当前中国土地整理的现状和存在的不足 ,在土地整理的立法、管理机构的设置、以及将来的发展方向上提出了完善我国土地整理的一些建议。     

Planning the horticultural sector: Managing greenhouse sprawl in the Netherlands

Greenhouses are a typical example of peri-urban land-use, a phenomenon that many planning systems find difficult to address as it mixes agricultural identity with urban appearance. Despite its urban appearance, greenhouse development often manages to evade urban containment policies. But a ban on greenhouse development might well result in under-utilisation of the economic value of the sector and its potential for sustainability. Specific knowledge of the urban and rural character of greenhouses is essential for the implementation of planning strategies. This paper analyses Dutch planning policies for greenhouses. It concludes with a discussion of how insights from greenhouse planning can be applied in other contexts involving peri-urban areas.