改革和完善土地管理制度的财税建议

10月下旬熏国务院发布的《国务院关于深化改革严格土地理的决定》,强调要严格依法加强土地管理,切实巩固宏观控成果。从当前来看,违法批地、乱占滥用耕地现象仍比较遍,有的甚至还相当严重;盲目投资、低水平重复建设问题比较突出,土地市场治理整顿的成效还只是初步的、阶段性。如何防止治理整顿成果的反弹,有识之士提出了诸多建,财税政策应是措施之一。我国法律规定,国家依法实行国有土地有偿使用制度。国所有土地的所有权由国务院代表国家行使。县(市)人民政代表国务院对土地进行管理。因此,新增建设用地应该由县市)人民政府有偿使用,而且要…     

Agricultural Marketing in Belgium and the Netherlands

Agriculture in Belgium and the Netherlands has a strong export tradition and has been market oriented for a long time. In this article agricultural markeling in Belgium and the Netherlands is analyzed on the basis of the concepts structure, conduct and performance. In our review of market structure attention is paid to the structure of agriculture, the food consumer, food retailing, government policies, competition and marketing channels. Afterwards market conduct with respect to product, price, promotion and distribution is discussed. Finally some qualitative observations are made on marketing performance. It is concluded that agricultural marketing policies in Belgium and the NeIherlands are increasingly focusing on value added to the agricultural product. As a result vertical marketing systems/food chain and marketing management become familiar concepts to agicultural marketing.     

Horticultural Auctions in the Netherlands

This paper depicts the evolution of Dutch auctions during the past hundred years from a "price discovery" institution to a "marketing" institution, focusing on price discovery. A conceptual framework is proposed to assess the suitablility of marketing management by agricultural marketing institutions. The history of Dutch horticultural auctions is briefly reviewed. The conceptual framework proposed is applied to the evolution of Dutch horticultural auctions.     

加强两权市场的宏观调控

在市场经济条件下 ,市场对资源优化配置起基础性作用。但市场具有盲目性 ,市场失灵时 ,可能对资源配置起劣化作用 ,因此 ,政府宏观调控变得十分必要。文章论述了在矿产资源配置中政府宏观调控的途径与手段 ,认为矿产资源规划体系是宏观调控的基础 ;矿产资源法规体系是宏观调控的保证 ;加强矿产资源行政管理体系是宏观调控的途径 ;完善矿产资源市场体系是宏观调控的手段。     

Determinants of farm diversification in the Netherlands

Farm diversification has been prominently supported by agricultural policy makers aiming to support rural development. To increase the understanding of determinants influencing diversification and hence to increase the efficiency of policies aiming to support farm diversification this paper presents the results of an analysis of diversification determinants. The research investigates Dutch farms diversification strategies using Farm Structural Survey (FSS) data of 2011 including 70,392 farms. The study uses a binary logit model to determine the characteristics influencing the diversification decision in general. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis for six diversification strategies was conducted. Additionally the study categorised the specific diversification activities in order to estimate a multinomial probit model, analysing three choice categories simultaneously. This enables us to compare determinants of farm diversification in general with determinants of specific activities. The analysis includes socio- demographic, economic and geophysical farm characteristics assumed to influence the diversification decision. Even though diversification is largely influenced by similar determinants, we find differences that are most pronounced for the adoption of nature conservation strategies. Consequently, it is important for policy makers to target policies at specific diversification activities in order to increase efficiency.     

农民收入增长模型:一个宏观计量分析

本文通过建立宏观经济计量模型,对农民收入增长及其影响因素进行回归分析,并提出了相关的政策建议。     

Historical and critical review of spatial and transport planning in the Netherlands

The spatial and transport planning have geographical, economic and environmental constraints and are closely linked to the social and political conditions of each country as well as are well under the influence of globalization forces. This makes it all a highly complex issue and requires a better understanding of the background and products of policies and the interaction of a number of key determinant factors in policy-making and implementation. Within this large picture, the long-term review of different cases may provide useful discussions for the guidance and reinforcement of policy assessment. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to critically analyze the planning in the Netherlands through examining the issues of governing structure, spatial policy-making, and transport re-structuring. The leading characteristic of the Netherlands is the scarcity of usable land that has raised high and early awareness on spatial development issues and its connections with natural and environmental protection. The functioning of planning systems, and policy aims and measures within the planning documents since the end of the 1950s, have been reviewed and the key planning concepts have been examined by bringing in general and current discussions on the issues. The success and failure in past policy-making and implementations have been highlighted. The policies of the current spatial and transport planning documents have been evaluated by their main policy titles such as compact city, network of cities and sustainable mobility. There is a general consensus that the Netherlands has been developed into a well planned and organized society and has designed leading policies such as the ABC firm location policy. However, a number of issues such as increasing vehicle kilometres, urban decline and sprawl, and some gaps in policy making remain to be the critical planning challenges.     

Cost-effectiveness of beef slaughterhouse decontamination measures in the Netherlands

The cost-effectiveness of seven decontamination measures to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 (VTEC)-contaminated carcass quarters in a typical Dutch dairy-beef industrial slaughterhouse were explored. To estimate the effectiveness a stochastic epidemiological-simulation model was used and to estimate the net cost a deterministic-economic model. The estimated baseline prevalence of daily-contaminated quarters was 9.16% (with a 90% confidence interval 4.40-13.10%). A reduction in the prevalence of VTEC-contaminated quarters to 2% using decontamination measures is achieved at costs of €0.20 to €0.50 per quarter, which is 16-40% of the net profit per carcass. A reduction to a prevalence of 1% will cost €0.50-€1.00 per quarter. Additional carcass trim and carcass steam-pasteurization are considered as the most cost-effective decontamination measures with costs of €16,340 and €20,243 per year to achieve a 1% prevalence reduction. Nevertheless, the lowest level of VTEC prevalence, less than 1%, is achieved using a set of measures that costs between €1.00 and €2.00 per quarter or, by implementing irradiation, which costs €4.65 per quarter.     

荷兰土地整理对我国土地整理发展的启示

荷兰是世界上开展土地整理较早的国家之一 ,在土地整理的立法和政策等方面都较为完善。本文回顾了荷兰土地整理从产生、发展到完善的近一百年的历史 ,同时分析了当前中国土地整理的现状和存在的不足 ,在土地整理的立法、管理机构的设置、以及将来的发展方向上提出了完善我国土地整理的一些建议。     

荷兰以家庭农场为基础发展现代奶业

奶业生产是荷兰农业的一个最重要的组成部分。家庭农场是荷兰奶业生产方式的基本特征。荷兰的人均乳品消费水平高于欧盟的平均水平。奶业合作社在荷兰乳品加工行业的所有制形式中居主导地位。自1960年以来，荷兰紧紧依赖技术进步，实现了奶业由手工劳动向机械作业的转变、由粗放经营向集约经营的转变、由传统技术向现代科技的转变。在注重技术进步的同时，荷兰高度重视乳品的质量管理，经过多年的努力，荷兰的乳品质量管理已经发展成为一个完整的供应链管理体系。通过抓技术进步和乳品质量管理，荷兰成功地打造了一种以家庭农场为基础的现代奶业发展模式。     

Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany

Farmland conversion has become an increasing concern in China and other parts of the world, including Europe and the USA. Be it for environmental or food security reasons, questions arise concerning how urbanization should be governed, i.e. what rules and regulations could enhance the efficiency and sustainability of land use. Taking a first step toward answering such questions, this paper describes different governance structures for farmland conversion in the Netherlands, Germany, and China. Secondly, it compares five identified differences between these countries in the realms of land property, land use planning, the role of the market, the role of government, and the performance of governance structures. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach for comparing governance structures for land conversion that: (a) offers some opportunities for exchange of experience between the three countries and (b) provides a framework for further research on governance structures in farmland conversion.     

Spatial development policy: changing roles for local and regional authorities in the Netherlands

Implementation of spatial policy involves intervention in the land market. In the Netherlands local government also acts as a land developer. Due to an increase in activities in the land market by private actors and an increase in the geographical scale of economic and social processes, this practice is under threat. This paper analyses the background and evolution of Dutch spatial development policy during the last ten years, from the perspective of governmental directive function for spatial policy. It focuses on the multi-level governance between local and regional governments and between local government and private actors.     

Price-Predicting Ability of Farm Managers: Empirical Findings with Flower Producers in the Netherlands

Differences in income among horticultural growers producing under similar conditions are known to be substantial. Production policy, including cultivar choice, plays an important role. Both price variation over time and price differences among cultivars provide valuable management information to growers to adapt their production policy. This study focuses on price-predicting skills of specialized chrysanthemum growers. The study, based on a survey among 26 participants, shows that growers who predict absolute prices well for one period do not have a higher chance of predicting well for other periods. With respect to predicting relative price positions (relative to other cultivars or other firms), evidence is found, however, that this is a skill, especially for estimating the relative market position. Also, evidence is provided that price differences among cultivars are nonrandom in time, and it is concluded that growers could adapt their production planning and cultivar choice to benefit from expected price variations.     

A game of give and take: The introduction of multi-layer (water) safety in the Netherlands and Flanders

At the beginning of the 21st century, the Netherlands and Flanders introduced a risk-based approach to flood risk management (FRM), labelled as multi-layer (water) safety. In contrast to a flood defence approach, risk-based management stresses the need to manage both the consequences and probability of a flood. The concept has developed differently in the two countries, as we conclude from a discursive-institutionalist research perspective. The Netherlands is characterised by a high institutionalization of the traditional flood defence discourse and a more closed policy arrangement, whereas in Flanders, the flood defence discourse is less institutionalized and the arrangement is more open. In both countries we see an opening of the arrangement preceding the establishment of multi-layer (water) safety, but at the same time, actors stress different aspects of the concept in order to increase its compatibility with the existing policy arrangement. In the Netherlands, the focus is on probability management, in Flanders on consequence management. In the Netherlands, multi-layer (water) safety as a concept could be established because it stabilises the system in the short-term by reinforcing the importance of flood defence, whereas in Flanders, policymakers were receptive to the concept because it supports a shift of responsibility towards actors outside traditional water management.