Hydraulic and turbulence structure of triangular labyrinth weir‐pool fishways

Detailed laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze and evaluate a new weir‐pool fishway design. The new design consisted of a series of one‐cycle, triangular labyrinth weirs that formed a weir‐pool fish passage. Hydraulic characteristics of flow over the proposed fishway were examined for three pool lengths and a wide range of discharges. It was found that the new design had superior discharge capacity over classical weir‐pool fishways in plunging flow regime. Spatial and point analyses of measured velocity data were carried out to understand turbulence structure and distribution of turbulent flow. The power dissipation per unit volume was calculated for different tests, and it varied nonlinearly with discharge. Based on the limiting criteria for energy dissipation rates of different fish species, the maximum operating discharge for different slopes was extracted for the proposed design. The model‐to‐prototype scaling analysis was performed based on the recommended scaling factor of three for prototype. It was found that the approach velocity of prototype increased by 12%, whereas the total discharge increased by more than five times. The contour plots of time‐averaged velocity indicated that the proposed fishways offered diversified flow fields without exceeding the maximum velocity above the standards recommended for weir‐pool fishways. To study the size, direction, and periodicity of turbulent eddies, magnitude of the most energetic eddy and dominant frequencies were extracted using power spectrum analysis. Quadrant analysis consistently showed that Reynolds shear stresses in ejection and sweep events became weaker as the pool length increased. The small region of strong ejection and sweep events evidenced a good resting place for fish migration, whereas the generated turbulence was large enough to attract fish species to use the passage.     

开孔促淤板周围水流紊动特性试验研究

为深入了解开孔促淤板周围的水流特性,通过室内概化水槽试验分析了开孔促淤板前后的水流紊动特性,采用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了开孔促淤板前后典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析了典型断面上的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果表明:板后近板区出现回流区,且回流区与开孔促淤板格栅位置相对应;板后水流相对紊动强度、雷诺切应力及相对紊动能明显大于板前,开孔促淤板对板后近板区水流影响较大;随着与开孔促淤板距离的增大,回流现象消失,流速变化趋于稳定,水流相对紊动强度减小且最终趋于稳定,相对紊动能出现折减且折减率逐渐降低;靠近近板区xOy面雷诺切应力大于yOz面雷诺切应力,靠近下游xOy面雷诺切应力与yOz面雷诺切应力相差较小。     

Design of a bilateral-symmetric multi-slot fishway and its comparison with vertical slot fishway in terms of hydraulic properties

Aiming at improving the hydraulic properties and enhancing the fish passage efficiency, this study proposes a novel bilateral-symmetric multi-slot fishway (BMSF) by combining the structural features of a double-sided vertical-slot fishway, multi-slot fishway and T-shape fishway. Eight BMSF cases are further designed by adjusting the slot width and the distance between the short baffle and the front end of the central wall, in order to achieve the relatively best hydrodynamic characteristics. The flow fields of two vertical-slot fishways and eight BMSF fishways are obtained by numerically solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation, the volume-of-fluid equation and the k-ω-SST turbulence model. Numerical results manifest that the recommended BMSF-8 provides the smallest values in terms of the maximum time-averaged velocity magnitude (1.42 m s⁻¹), the maximum time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (0.132 m² s⁻²), the maximum time-averaged Reynolds shear stress component (44 Pa), the spatial-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude (0.58 m s⁻¹), and the spatial-mean time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (0.042 m² s⁻²) in the middle pool at Q = 1000 L/s. Even for the depth-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude at the slot and the volume percentages of some critical physical quantities, BMSF-8 is also superior to the other cases. To sum up, BMSF-8 leads to the relatively lowest flow velocity and turbulence, being more suitable for the passage of the whole fish community (especially for small-sized fishes with weaker swimming ability). In addition, the generalizability of the aforementioned superiority of BMSF-8 is displayed by providing the numerical results of four operating conditions (i.e., Q = 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 L/s).     

鱼道进口补水消能数值模拟研究

鱼道设计中常采用进口段开挖设置补水消能池的方式提高鱼道进口流速,强化其诱鱼、集鱼、进鱼能力。而补水水体与消能池水体掺混,会对鱼道内水体产生明显扰动,导致鱼道内(消能池部位)流态紊乱。为了能够完整捕捉尺度小、变化复杂的紊动流场结构,获得适合鱼类洄游的紊动能分布,采用三维数学模型对某电站鱼道进口补水消能复杂三维流场进行模拟研究,求解紊动能参数,优化了盖板补水消能方案。研究结果表明：在消能池顶部设置盖板,补水水流自盖板间的缝隙进入鱼道,可强制将大尺度紊流涡团变成小尺度涡团,涡团尺度变小后,黏性切应力易于将紊动能转化成内能而耗散掉,使鱼道内紊动能降低;另外,通过调整盖板缝宽,使补水出流相对均匀,也可降低紊动能;缝宽首尾窄、中间宽的布置型式使各缝隙垂向流速分布较为均匀,有利于鱼类洄游。研究成果可为此类工程过鱼设施进口段设计提供科学理论依据,以获得稳定、均匀的补水水流,提高鱼道进鱼能力。     

水流与壁面间切应力估计方法的比较研究

精确估计水流与壁面间切应力在泥沙输移和水利工程安全方面具有重要意义。通过选取并整理文献数据,对现今七种主要的水流与壁面间切应力的估计方法在不同雷诺数的条件下进行评价和比较,发现总体上湍流动能外推法和雷诺应力外推法估计壁面切应力的可靠性和精确度最高,平均相对误差分别为3.2%和5.2%。湍流能量法、湍流动能法和雷诺应力法次之,以壁定理的精确度最低,但其所需的数据较容易获取。二阶应力法的精确度取决于阻力系数的取值。其中,壁定理和二阶应力法的估计值偏高而更加安全,湍流动能外推法的估计值较为准确,而其余方法给出的估计值偏低。所得结果对不同条件下水流与壁面间切应力估计方法的选择以及直接测量仪器的校准有一定的参考价值。     

湍浮力射流形成后区特性的预报

应用作者所提出的数学模型和计算方法,对浮力射流形成后区的特性进行了预报。得出中性浮力点以前的形成后区,可分为非浮力区、过渡区和卷流区。得到了非浮力区和卷流区的时均流速、时均温差、雷诺切应力、湍动能及其耗散率的分布和湍动能的平衡。这些预报结果与试验资料基本吻合。     

植物坝覆盖区明渠二维两相流场紊动特性研究

漂浮植被占用了行洪断面面积,增大了河流的阻力,遇到障物后,造成河道严重堵塞。通过室内物理模型试验和数值模拟的方法,研究、分析大面积覆盖水面的漂浮植被对河道泄洪能力、河道水体结构、水流特性的影响。根据紊动强度和雷诺应力沿程变化,从波动幅度上看,植物覆盖区波动幅度较大;对根茎区,无植物覆盖但受影响区紊动强度不大,但较无植物覆盖时的明渠水流有明显增大,植物坝覆盖区及植物坝前缘区变化显著,尤其是植物坝前缘区的紊动强度波动很剧烈。     

Effects of water velocity and turbulence on the behaviour of Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei,Steindachner 1864) in an experimental pool‐type fishway

The restoration of fish passage has been focused on anadromous fish species, whilst studies accommodating passage of coarse species have often been considered incidental, yet frequently these are the predominant group of species encountered in rivers. In addition, fishway designs depend greatly on the interplay between hydraulics and biomechanics, yet very little data are available on the responses to specific hydraulic settings for these species. This study aims to explore the effects of water velocity and turbulence on the behaviour of a cyprinid species ‐ the Iberian barbel Luciobarbus bocagei (Steindachner, 1864) ‐ particularly their upstream movements upon different discharges (38.5 to 77.0 L · s^?1), through an indoor full scale pool‐type fishway prototype. Larger adults had a higher passage success (mean = 79%) and took less time (mean ± SD (min): 5.7 ± 1.3) to negotiate the entire six pool fishway, when compared to small adults. Correlation analysis between hydraulic variables and fish transit time yielded different results. Correlations were found to be the highest between the horizontal component of Reynolds shear stress and fish transit time, particularly for smaller size‐individuals (r = ?0.45; p < 0.001), highlighting this variable as a key‐parameter which strongly determines the movements of Iberian barbel. The present study identified key factors on Iberian barbel movements that may have direct application to future fishway designs for this species and for other ‘weak’ swimmers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

矩形明渠中矩形边墩周围紊动强度和雷诺应力分布特性试验

利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量矩形断面明渠中矩形边墩周围不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算出水质点的三维相对紊动强度和雷诺应力,分析其变化特征。试验表明,紊动强度和雷诺应力在边墩周围明显增大且具有相类似的分布特征。该研究可为水流的紊动结构、丁坝与桥梁矩形边墩的水流紊动特性和冲刷机理提供验证资料。     

表面活性剂紊流输水减阻的雷诺应力及能量传递

为揭示表面活性剂减阻水溶液紊流的减阻机理,通过分析各种试验结果后指出,雷诺剪切应力的大幅降低是源于表面活性剂的去相关作用;通过二维矩形封闭流道的时均能量、紊流能量的平衡分析,表明胶束剪切应力从时均流获得能量对低雷诺应力工况下紊流的产生和维持起了决定性作用,减阻率与胶束剪切应力从时均流获得的能量大小之间存在负相关关系。在二维明槽中,使用二维激光多普勒流速仪实测的表面活性剂减阻水溶液的主流方向速度脉动能谱表明,大尺度涡体含能较牛顿流体大,小尺度涡体含能低于牛顿流体,能量耗散尺度增大,这是表面活性剂减阻水溶液紊流能量传递的基本特征。     

壁面微结构流动控制技术的减阻机理研究

为了研究壁面微结构流动控制技术的减阻效应及其产生的原因,利用循环管路系统的方形管道进行了压降测定试验,并利用粒子成像测速仪测量了边界层内部结构和对应的参数。试验采用了沟槽和肋条两种不同类型的微结构壁面,每种形状的微结构各有3种不同的结构尺寸。试验研究结果表明:在一定的无量纲宽度s+范围内,6种不同的微结构壁面都具有减阻效果;减阻率随着s+的增大,呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其中沟槽壁面2的减阻效果最好,最大减阻率为9.90%;壁面微结构通过影响流场内部的涡结构、湍流脉动、雷诺切应力和平均流速等使得不同壁面微结构具有减阻效果。     

海水泵站流道非对称引水流态特性数值模拟分析

为探讨海水泵站流道非对称引水流态特性,基于OpenFOAM建立了某液化天然气接收站海水泵站流道数值模型,在利用实测数据验证的基础上,模拟计算与分析了对称和非对称引水时,流道内流速与紊动动能分布特征。模拟结果表明:海水泵站非对称引水时,水流进入前池后流速较大,在低水位下水流无法充分扩散,在流道入口处形成偏流,行进至海水泵前断面水流分布已基本均匀;非对称引水时,海水泵所在进水池各断面均匀性指数平均值高于对称引水工况,且各海水泵进水池的紊动动能平均值也小于对称引水工况;从过水断面流速分布均匀性以及紊动量级来看,非对称引水对水泵运行更有利。     

旋流泵内部不稳定流动数值模拟

为深入了解旋流泵内部不稳定流动情况,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型,运用CFX软件对3种流量下的旋流泵进行非定常计算,分析了不同流体域的涡核、湍动能分布情况以及内部压力脉动特性。结果表明：随着流量的增加,进口管路涡核逐渐减少;无叶腔内圈首尾相连的圆形涡带直径和流速逐步变大,无叶腔外圈涡核逐步分散;无叶腔向扩散管过渡区域的涡核尺度显著增大,隔舌处的涡核尺度亦逐步增大。小流量和额定流量下,高亮湍动能集中于无叶腔内圈,内部压力脉动主频为叶频;大流量下,高亮湍动能集中于无叶腔向扩散管过渡区域,主频为轴频。叶轮中非涡核区多集中于叶片迎水面,随着流量的增加,涡核分布逐步分散,非核区域增多;高亮湍动能在小流量下分布在叶片入口,额定流量下分布在流道中部,大流量下分布在叶片出口;叶片流道内的压力脉动主频始终为轴频。     

鱼道紊流特性研究进展

鱼道内的紊流特性对于鱼类能否顺利上溯洄游至关重要。为了解鱼道内的紊流状态,综述了丹尼尔式、竖缝式、组合式、涵洞式等鱼道内紊流流速、紊动能、紊流强度、雷诺剪切应力以及漩涡等紊流特性的研究进展,分析不同鱼道内紊流的分布规律及特点,指出鱼道中的紊流强度、紊动能等均会对鱼类对栖息地的选择以及鱼类通行造成较大的影响。此外,目前国内对鱼道内漩涡紊流特性的研究较少,建议对其深入研究,以改善鱼道内水力条件,保证鱼道有效运行。     

人工加糙对明渠紊动特性影响的试验研究

利用激光测速仪,对光滑壁面及人工加糙的明渠紊流进行了试验,测量了光滑壁面、水力过渡面、水力粗糙面不同水深情况下明渠紊流的纵向时均流速及脉动流速。通过实测资料分析了人工加糙对明渠紊流紊动强度的影响,得到了光滑面、过渡面及粗糙面紊动强度的发展变化规律。     

明渠高含沙水流的两个重要特性研究

本文从三维恒定雷诺方程式出发导出了计算二维均匀明渠高含沙水流紊流极限切应力τＢＴ的公式．公式中包含了紊动扩散系数εｍ，并通过分析天然河道实测资料和室内水槽试验资料研究了εｍ沿垂线分布的规律，结论是明渠高含沙水流的紊动扩散系数εｍ沿垂线分布规律和低含沙水流的类似，在河底处εｍ为０；在河底至相对水深０．２范围内εｍ随水深增加而变大，在相对水深０．２至水面范围内εｍ为常数．用所得τＢＴ计算公式对部分天然河道实测资料进行验算，大多数明渠高含沙水流属紊流流态，不存在紊流极限切应力τＢＴ     

高垌水利枢纽闸坝堰型选择和消能方案研究

结合“高垌水利枢纽水工整体模型试验”的研究成果，针对闸坝堰型选择和消能方案两大问题进行了深入的分析论述。经研究推荐低堰三角形分流墩联合消能布置。