中国一定会跌入“中等收入陷阱”吗?

中国在进入中等收入国家以后,配套的经济转型没有完成,从而使后期经济增长的创新驱动严重乏力;而且由于转轨时期分配制度的失衡,导致近十年来居民收入严重两极分化,堕入拉美化陷阱的风险在日益积累。另一方面,在"低收入"向"中等收入"阶段转化完成后,体制性障碍越来越成为制约中国迈过中等收入陷阱的主要瓶颈。     

“中等收入陷阱”的综述

本文对国内外关于"中等收入陷阱"的研究进行了梳理和述评,内容涵盖了"中等收入陷阱"的内涵以及如何积极正确面对的建议和措施,从宏观、中观、微观层面分析总结。中国已经存在进入"中等收入陷阱"的潜在风险,试图规避该风险行之有效的方法是经济体制的革新,产业结构的调整和升级,缩小收入分配的差距,鼓励和支持中小企业的发展。     

民营经济——破解“中等收入陷阱”的密码

近年来,随着中国国力的增强以及国际地位的攀升,中国会否掉入“中等收入陷阱”成为热议话题。其间,以缩小贫富差距、扩大内需为方向的收入分配制度改革随之不断推进。     

中等收入陷阱国内研究综述

对拉美模式和东亚模式的比较和反思,可以看出国内对中等收入陷阱问题研究的雏形.中等收入陷阱概念提出后,解决矛盾的主要方面集中在转变经济发展方式、提高科学技术水平、收入分配制度改革等方面.这与从东亚模式和拉美模式的比较当中得出的经验教训基本相同.     

民营经济——破解中等收入陷阱的密码

近年来,随着中国国力的增强以及国际地位的攀升,中国会否掉入“中等收入陷阱”成为热议话题。其间,以缩小贫富差距、扩大内需为方向的收入分配制度改革随之不断推进。     

对中国中等收入陷阱的研究与分析

随着我国经济的迅猛增长,国民生产总值也在不断提高,我国已经从一个低收入国家逐步过渡到中等收入国家,随之而来的是面临应如何发展的问题,因此中等收入陷阱这个词逐渐被大家关注。正确应对中等收入陷阱,一方面能够促进经济的可持续发展,提高人民收入水平;另一方面能够体现社会文明与进步,构造社会主义和谐社会。     

中等收入陷阱

什么是中等收入陷阱 按照世界银行的划分,世界各经济体按年人均国民总收入可分为低收入、中等收入和高收入三组。2010年8月数据显示,低收入标准为年人均国民总收入995美元及以下,中等收入为996美元一12195美元,高收入为12196美元及以上。其中,中等收入标准又以3845美元为界划分为“下中等收入”和“上中等收入”。以此标准划分,全球230多个经济体中只有60多个成为高收入国家,有104个经济体处于中等收入阶段。     

中国能否跨越“中等收入陷阱”的现实探讨

中国已进入中等收入国家行列,这个阶段是能否完成产业升级步入高收入国家的敏感阶段,即＂中等收入陷阱＂阶段,如何跳出＂中等收入＂的陷阱,进入发达国家至关重要。中国可能掉入＂中等收入陷阱＂的因素有来自经济、政治、社会和国际等方面,因此,要有针对性地提出中国摆脱＂中等收入陷阱＂获得长期发展的对策。     

规避“中等收入陷阱”的中国之路

随着中国人均GDP突破3000美元,中国社会已经跨过了中等收入国家的门槛,同时也面临掉入＂中等收入陷阱＂的种种风险。文章着重围绕如何避免掉入＂中等收入陷阱＂,分析了中国目前在经济和社会领域存在的主要风险,总结了国际社会跨越陷阱的经验教训,提出了规避＂中等收入陷阱＂的中国之路。     

中国突破中等收入陷阱的经济学分析

研究目标：探讨发展中国家落入“中等收入陷阱”的经济学原因。研究方法：在对“中等收入陷阱”进行经济学理论分析基础上,用48个国家面板数据样本,进行经济减速和经济增长因素实证分析。研究发现：消费比重过高,外部负债和资本过度跨国流动不利于经济增长,特别是对中等收入国家经济增长更不利;国民收支内部失衡及其引发的外部失衡,特别是高消费导致内部失衡而引发外贸逆差和外部债务积累,是发展中国家落入“中等收入陷阱”的根源。研究创新：论述了发展中国家高消费引发“中等收入陷阱”的机理,并进行了实证检验。研究价值：有利于客观认识国内经济减速,把握好内需拉动经济增长和资本项目开放的“度”,避免追求持续高增长而出现宏观政策失误。     

Accounting in Transitional and Emerging Market Economies

The aim of this introduction is to discuss some of the challenges and problems faced by researchers who are interested in conducting research in transitional and emerging market economies and to highlight some of the key attributes and characteristics of these economies. The papers contained in this Special Section are introduced by way of providing a brief overview of their contributions and identifying other important areas that future researchers might wish to pursue.

This Special Section of European Accounting Review is devoted to publishing papers on various accounting issues in transitional and emerging market economies. In this introduction, we aim to set the scene for the papers contained in this Special Section, to highlight some of the key attributes and characteristics of transitional and emerging market economies, to provide a brief overview of the contributions published here and finally to identify some other important areas that future researchers might wish to pursue.     

Overcoming the Negative Product Quality Image of Manufacturers in Emerging Economies

Abstract

Companies from emerging economies often suffer from perceptions of negative quality for their products. This study investigates, using an experimental design, how manufacturers in emerging countries can make use of warranty strategies to overcome their negative product quality image. Contrary to what is proposed in the warranty literature, our study shows that the use of better warranties for products designed and manufactured by firms in the emerging countries does not improve their product quality image. This is because of the “too good to be true” suspicion by consumers. Strategic alliances with firms in developed countries to produce hybrid products also may not be effective in overcoming the poor quality image for firms in emerging countries. A comprehensive warranty package such as providing full repair and replacement of parts is also effective in altering consumers' trepidation of hybrid products originating from countries of low repute. Implications for strategic alliances between firms in the developed and emerging economies are discussed.     

Corporate Governance in Emerging Economies: A Review of the Principal–Principal Perspective

abstract    Instead of traditional principal–agent conflicts espoused in most research dealing with developed economies, principal–principal conflicts have been identified as a major concern of corporate governance in emerging economies. Principal–principal conflicts between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders result from concentrated ownership, extensive family ownership and control, business group structures, and weak legal protection of minority shareholders. Such principal–principal conflicts alter the dynamics of the corporate governance process and, in turn, require remedies different from those that deal with principal–agent conflicts. This article reviews and synthesizes recent research from strategy, finance, and economics on principal–principal conflicts with an emphasis on their institutional antecedents and organizational consequences. The resulting integration provides a foundation upon which future research can continue to build.     

The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Energy Use in Emerging Economies: Implications for Sustainable Development

This article investigates the impact of two important socio‐economic variables—urbanization and industrialization—on energy consumption in a panel of emerging economies. The results indicate that income increases energy consumption in both the long run and the short run. In the long run, urbanization decreases energy consumption, while industrialization increases it. Long‐run dynamics are important as evidenced by the estimated coefficient on the error correction term. These results have implications for sustainable development. Economic growth policies designed to increase income and industrialization will increase energy consumption. Since most energy needs in emerging economies are currently met by the burning of fossil fuels, economic growth and industrialization policies will be at odds with sustainable development.     

南京市战略性新兴产业发展现状及对策建议

随着新科技革命和产业变革的孕育兴起,一些势必在未来全球竞争体系中占据核心地位的战略性新兴产业日渐显现,为南京发展带来历史性重大战略机遇。本文从规模、技术水平、产业空间布局、前瞻性产业布局等角度分析了南京市发展战略性新兴产业的基础和优势,并从企业创新、市场技术、成果转化等角度分析了南京市发展战略性新兴产业急需突破的瓶颈。并从政府前瞻性规划、商业模式创新、市场机制发挥、科技体制改革和人才国际化五个方面提出具体建议。     

Implementation of IFRS for SMEs in Emerging Economies: Stakeholder Perceptions in the Czech Republic,Hungary, Romania and Turkey

This research investigates the perceptions of stakeholders involved in financial reporting in four emerging economies (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Turkey) regarding the possible implementation of IFRS for SMEs, in terms of costs, benefits, and strategy of adoption. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with representatives of main stakeholders (preparers, auditors, regulators, professional bodies, and users). We find more support for IFRS for SMEs implementation in these four countries than suggested by the results of the European Commission's 2010 consultation for the European Union. Interviews reveal differences between stakeholder groups and between countries regarding the preferred implementation approach (mandatory adoption, voluntary adoption or convergence of national regulations with IFRS for SMEs). Interviews indicate the most support for the convergence approach. However, users oppose convergence and prefer the adoption of IFRS for SMEs. The convergence approach moves regulators' attention from users' needs to preparers' preferences and preparedness. This finding is relevant in the decision‐making process of national regulators, who should balance the needs of various stakeholders, but also the country's political and economic objectives.     

多元化缴费方式的优化建议

电费收缴是最为基础和重要的电力营销工作内容,缴费方式也直接关系公司经营成果和客户服务体验。本文从公司现状出发,通过对不同的缴费方式进行比较分析,为提升服务质量和客户满意度、降低营销成本和服务风险提出了一些建议。     

Dynamic Capabilities, Government Policies, and Performance in Firms from Emerging Economies: Evidence from India and Pakistan

In this study we developed a model of the dynamic capability development mechanisms in Emerging Market manufacturing Firms (EMF). We identified three dynamic capability development mechanisms: organizational learning, reverse engineering, and manufacturing flexibility. We generated hypotheses based on this framework, linking these mechanisms with firm performance. We also modelled the roles played by managerial use of two types of government policies: input supporting policies and marketing supporting policies. We tested our hypotheses on a sample of Indian and Pakistani manufacturing firms. Results showed that organizational learning, reverse engineering and manufacturing flexibility had significant impacts on EMF performance. Additionally, organizational learning combined with input supporting government policies enhanced performance, and the combination of manufacturing flexibility and marketing supporting government policies had an insignificant influence on performance.     

Emerging Multinationals from Mid‐Range Economies: The Influence of Institutions and Factor Markets

This paper revisits and extends our earlier work (in 2005) in the pages of this journal. We argue that there is a need for more fine‐grained understanding of the country context along two dimensions: (1) institutional development and (2) infrastructure and factor market development. Specifically, we propose an enriched typology of emerging economies with a focus on mid‐range emerging economies, which are positioned between traditional emerging economies and newly developed economies. Then we examine new multinationals from these mid‐range emerging economies that have internationalized both regionally and globally. We outline directions for further research based on this typology in terms of (1) government influence, (2) resource orchestration, (3) market entry, and (4) corporate governance regarding the internationalization strategy of these emerging multinationals from mid‐range economies.