国际货币体系与金融危机

当今的国际货币体系仍然属于美元本位制。一方面,美元通过经常项目失衡向世界输出大量美元,这造成了国际货币体系外围国家的流动性过剩。另一方面,美元通过外围国家对美国金融资产的购买回流到美国,美元扩张的最终结果又会造成美国国内的流动性过剩。这造成了危机不断在外围国家与中心国家发生。如果当前国际货币体系下国际储备资产的流动不发生根本改变,未来金融危机爆发的风险依然存在。     

美元国际货币地位和货币金融优势探究

本文分析了 “债务—美元” 国际货币体系的本质, 并量化测度了美元的货币金融优势, 得出如下结论: 第一, 当代法币 (包括美元) 已经完全摆脱了黄金等个别使用价值的束缚, 在此情况下一国货币与国债等虚拟资本发行从宏观上必须要与本国实际资本积累规律相适应, 否则一国会出现通胀或金融危机, 但美元主导的国际货币体系使得美国突破了这个规律; 第二, 1971 年美元与黄金脱钩, 由于国际货币的使用惯性, 石油出口国和日本、 西德等国不得不将美元作为其出口计价、 媒介和储备货币, 这些国家持续购买美国国债等虚拟资本, 从而构筑起这些国家实体经济经常账户出口、 美国金融账户出口美元和美国国债等虚拟资本的 “帝国循环” 机制, 这巩固了美元国际货币地位, 也使得美国对外债务总规模脱离了其国内实际资本积累的能力; 第三, 美联储实施货币政策无需为世界上其他国家经济目标负责, 其通过美元长期持续贬值战略降低其实际外债价值以及利息支付; 第四, 美元国际货币地位以及美国政府控制的国际金融机构使得美国能够控制全球流动性流动方向和调整全球流动性层次结构, 从而为其国内宏观 经济目标服务; 第五, 当前 “债务- 美元” 国际货币体系与美国虚拟经济主导的经济结构是无法长期维持, 各国应为国际货币体系改革的做好预案。     

从美元到国际货币体系危机在蔓延

美元,这个曾作为国际货币市场上的"硬通货",早已不再坚挺。次贷危机爆发,美元汇率持续下跌……种种迹象表明美国正面临巨大的危机。冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。美元本身存在的问题由来已久,正是它引发了全球流动性膨胀。整个国际货币体系由此变得风雨飘摇,危机正在蔓延……     

略论美元本位制下的国际货币体系内在脆弱性

布雷顿森林体系之后,国际货币体系的核心是美元本位。但美元本位制本身存在难以调和的矛盾,导致世界经济的发展陷入一种经济增长→贸易失衡→信用扩张→流动性过剩→资产价格膨胀、通货膨胀→通货紧缩的循环过程。本文在简单阐述国际货币体系沿革的基础上,从贸易分工、内在调节机制、货币层面、储备货币、政策协调和成本分摊以及贸易失衡的调节机制方面论述了美元本位制的内在脆弱性,指出正是其自身的因素导致世界经济的循环过程。     

对外工程承包企业发展策略研究

近年来,我国对外工程承包业务发展十分迅速,无论是项目规模、发包方式,还是管理水平方面都在不断提升,截至2005年底,我国对外承包工程营业额累计完成1358亿美元,合同额1859亿美元,我国对外承包工程业在国际上的地位稳步提升,影响力逐年扩大.根据美国<工程新闻记录>(ENR)统计,在国际工程承包领域,我国已进入了世界前六强,有49家企业进入"全球最大225家国际承包商"行列.     

外围国货币国际化困境深层次原因探析——基于国际货币体系的视角

“牙买加体系”的内生缺陷导致美国经常账户逆差通过经常项目和资本项目的传导不断扩大,伴随其中的是美元国际货币职能的循环性强化.由于体系缺陷的内生性以及国际经济气候的紧张,外围国货币国际化的困境将持续存在.只有转变国际分工角色,以国内市场为基,减少对出口的依赖,并依靠区域合作分散风险,才是外围国货币国际化的根本途径.     

全球金融危机的形成机理与治理措施

全球金融危机是由美国次贷危机引发的全球性金融信用危机。美国金融危机的根源在于虚拟经济与实体经济的脱离和金融监管松懈导致的金融泡沫的破灭。全球金融危机导致了世界经济衰退和失业加剧,并使世界经济面临严重危机。治理金融危机需要国际社会的联合行动,扩大流动性,加强金融监管,并对世界货币体系进行改革和完善。     

美国经常账户逆差与全球流动性过剩

持续增长的美国经常账户逆差,意味着全球美元资产或外汇储备资产的持续增长,是造成当前全球流动性过剩的重要原因。2007年席卷全球的次级债危机,并没有改变流动性过剩的局面,美联储和欧洲央行注入流动性挽救危机的政策虽短期奏效,但在长期来看加剧了流动性过剩。文章旨在通过探讨美国经常账户逆差输出流动性的深层原因,寻求解决全球流动性过剩的办法。     

美元贬值与东亚货币合作

当前国际金融体系的显著特征是美元在国际金融体系中的支配地位,在金融交易、衍生品交易、贸易计价、官方储备和作为锚货币方面,美元仍然是世界上最主要的货币.但是,随着全球经济的发展,欧盟、东亚等地区经济实力不断提升、美国"双赤字"的巨额累积、美元的长期贬值,美元本位的国际货币安排暴露出越来越多的问题.美元本位下美元汇率的变动给国际金融体系带来了巨大的风险.本文针对美元贬值不可避免的事实,指出了美元贬值将导致全球金融动荡,提出了东亚经济体的应对策略.     

国际货币体系的演进及多元化进程的中国选择——基于“货币强权”的国际货币体系演进分析

本文基于“国际货币强权”分析了国际货币体系演变过程,认为美国对货币强权的追求是布雷顿森林体系崩溃的重要因素,牙买加体系下的浮动汇率制、真正美元本位的形成并主导的国际货币体系进一步扩张了美国的货币强权。但美国货币强权的扩张又对该系统产生了反身性冲击,其中,影响最大的就是亚洲金融危机。这场危机之后,各国改变了对传统最优储备规模的认识,全球外汇储备迅猛增长。这使得任何单一储备货币的国际货币体系的安排都具有内在不稳定性,储备的迅猛增长形成了对改革国际货币体系的倒逼机制;美国的双赤字、美元低利率及美元流动性扩张,都是内生于美元作为单一主导国际货币体系安排之中的,是美国为维护“美元强权”而采取的“刀刃上的平衡”措施,这进一步发展了特里芬难题。因此,国际货币体系的多元化是提高其稳定性的必然选择,国际货币权力重新分配的依据就是国际贸易与资本流动格局的变化,这是顺应全球经济多元化的必然选择,是提高国际货币体系稳定性和摆脱单一货币强权控制的内在要求,也为人民币国际化提供了前所未有的历史机遇。基于此,本文最后从国际货币体系演变的历史视角探讨了人民币国际化,并由此促进国际货币多元化的现实条件。     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...