排污权交易制度中的价格研究

排污权价格包括初始分配价格和再分配价格(市场价格).初始分配价格可以通过自然资源定价模型进行设计;市场价格受市场经济规律影响;而污染物排放的影子价格则是初始分配价格与市场价格合理性的重要参照.根据影子价格3阶段理论,可以根据当地所处的不同社会经济发展阶段,对初始分配价格进行适当调控.在陡坡带、平缓带和高原带初始分配价格应分别保持在较低位、较高位和最高位,从而达到控制污染,促进经济增长方式转变,引导产业结构调整的作用.文章以S市为例,对调控过程和内在原因进行了初步分析.     

The Sensitivity of Capital Use to Price in Higher Education

We test whether U.S. colleges and universities adjust their physical capital intensity to differences in factor prices by regressing the square feet of space per student on construction prices across institutions. The results indicate that physical space at selective liberal arts colleges and private comprehensive universities is unresponsive to relative factor prices but do reflect differences in institutional wealth. At public comprehensive universities and two-year colleges the evidence suggests that students enjoy more space per student where building costs are lower.     

Price Sensitivity of Hourly Day-ahead and Quarter-hourly Intraday Auctions in Germany

The introduction of the quarter-hourly intraday auction in 2014 for the German market confirms a tendency towards short-term energy markets. The reason for the new market was the need to trade shorter periods than just hours a day-ahead to minimize open positions in the more volatile continuous intraday trading. The increased production capacity of solar power boosted this requirement for new short-term power products. The quarter-hourly market shows a distinctive zigzag price formation. We identify two influencing factors: first, the solar residual that combines the trading of solar power ramps around midday as well as the gradients of consumption and thermal power plant ramps throughout the course of the day, and second, a characteristic two stage market design with higher liquidity for the hourly than for the quarter-hourly auction. Therefore, demand, solar generation and inflexible ramps of thermal power plants are hedged at the hourly day-ahead auction and use the quarter-hourly auction only to balance the remaining differences. To prove this argument the price sensitivities of the hourly day-ahead and quarter-hourly intraday auctions in Germany are compared based on actual bid and ask curves from 2015 and 2016. Finally, the development of an adequate design of future spot markets is discussed.     

Corrosion of a CO2 absorber tower

Because of corrosion, the CO₂ absorber was lines with stainless steel shingles after 10 to 15 years of operation.     

外商直接投资对我国二氧化碳排放的影响--基于联立方程的经验考察

为更好的考察外商直接投资（FDI）对我国二氧化碳（CO2）排放的影响,文章使用中国1985～2011年的二氧化碳排放数据,通过构建联立方程组研究了两者间的相互关系。研究结果表明：外商直接投资通过规模效应增加了我国的二氧化碳排放量,又通过结构效应、技术效应和环境规制效应作用降低了二氧化碳排放量,其总效应是降低了我国的二氧化碳排放量,即外商直接投资的总体环境效应是积极的。文章最后基于上述研究发现,提出相应政策建议。     

物价波动下合同价格调整条款的构建

对于物价变化引起的合同价格调整,长期的结算习惯是遵照当地建设行政主管部门发布的规范性文件办理.在市场经济条件下合同价格调整条款作为工程施工合同的重要条款之一,才是调整工程价格的主要依据.文章对比分析各地行政主管部门发布的规范性文件的基础上,主要对调价的材料范围、物价风险包干的幅度、主材调整的数量和材料价差的确定进行了研究,提出了较为全面、合理的物价波动下工程价格调整的合同条款设计.     

夹带剂作用下溶质在超临界CO2中溶解度的研究

用MPR-2模型计算溶质在含有和不含有夹带剂超临界CO2中的溶解度,把超临界CO2和夹带剂视为一个拟组分,并根据VDW-1混合规则求出拟组分的方程参数,将超临界三元体系的相平衡问题简化为超临界二元体系的相平衡问题。关联和计算了8种溶质(共268个数据点)在超临界CO2中的溶解度,模型计算值与文献的实验值相吻合。     

The choice at the checkout: Quantifying demand across payment instruments

Dramatic changes have occurred in the U.S. payment system over the past two decades, most notably an explosion in electronic card-based payments. This shift has led to a series of policy debates driven in part by consumers' choice of payment instruments. Using a new nationally representative survey, we transform consumer responses to open-ended questions into product rankings and estimate a characteristics-based rank-order logit model in order to quantify consumer substitution among payment methods. Our estimates are then used to conduct supply-driven and demand-driven counterfactual experiments in order to estimate market share and cost effects. From a counterfactual experiment in which merchants stop accepting credit cards, we predict merchant costs to decline substantially. Because merchants accept credit cards nonetheless, we regard our finding as evidence either that the credit card networks hold market power, or that merchants experience unmeasured intangible benefits from credit card acceptance. We also predict that contactless debit will take market share from cash, checks, and credit, and that the age/cohort effect alone is unlikely to cause debit card use to increase substantially over a 10-year period.     

钢铁产品合理价位与价格形成机制研究

党的十六届五中全会通过的决议中指出:"要坚持社会主义市场经济的改革方向,建立反映市场供求状况和资源稀缺程度的价格形成机制,更大程度地发挥市场在资源配置中的基础作用。"温家宝总理在十届人大四次会议的报告中进一步强调:价格改革的重点,是逐步理顺和完善资源性产品和要素价格形成机制。本文结合钢铁产品价格运行实际情况,对我国钢铁产品合理价位及价格形成机制进行了深入探讨,以促进钢铁工业健康发展。     

油价缘何涨了又涨

尽管去年年底人们普遍认为,2005年初随着一季度石油需求淡季到来,国际原油价格会下滑,但现在看来,人们再次低估了油价上涨的强劲势头。1月份,WTI原油现货均价比去年2月份高出4.11美元/桶,2月份,受美元持续疲软,欧美地区天气较往年偏冷以及美国取暖油库存比去年同期低7%等因素的影响,WTO现货均价逼近每桶48美元。3月3日,国际原子能机构总干事巴拉迪发表言论,     

Nonparametric Estimation of Dynamic Hedonic Price Models and the Construction of Residential Housing Price Indices

Parametric specifications for hedonic price equations are estimated using a data set from Alameda and San Francisco Counties and are compared to estimates using a nonparametric technique called locally weighted regression, LWR. LWR permits flexible estimation of the hedonic's curvature at median attributes and is less sensitive than standard regression techniques to the influence of unusual observations. The technique also avoids imposing a single functional form across time and municipalities. The LWR estimates of municipality-specific hedonics are then used to obtain implicit prices for housing attributes and to derive municipality-specific price indices. The results of extensive diagnostic checks of our technique are also reported.     

建设项目价差预备费参考基准价格指数的选取及其适用性研究

价差预备费需要根据价格指数进行计算,近年来国家层面未对价格指数进行更新发布,使造价人员在实际工作中存在如何取定的困惑。如通过预测的方法来取定,则面临如何选择合适的参考基准价格指数的问题。文章在国内庞杂的价格指数中筛选出国内生产总值平减指数(GDP平减指数)、居民消费价格指数(CPI)、商品零售价格指数、固定资产投资价格指数、工业生产者出厂价格指数、工业生产者购进价格指数进行分析和研究,通过内涵分析和数理分析的方法研究发现固定资产投资价格指数、国内生产总值平减指数(GDP平减指数)更适合作为预测价差预备费的参考基准价格指数,以期为同行在价差预备费计算方面提供有益的借鉴。     

Price Leadership on the National Cheese Exchange

The motivation and trading behavior of the leading cheese companies on the National Cheese Exchange are examined. Although only 0.2 percent of all cheese is sold on the NCE, it is used to formula-price 90-95 percent of the bulk cheese in the U.S. Kraft General Foods, the largest buyer of cheese in the U.S., was the dominant seller on the NCE during 1988-1993, with the apparent purpose and effect of depressing national cheese prices. Kraft's behavior is consistent with that of a barometric price leader that enjoys a significant degree of discretion in shaping the pattern of prices over a price cycle. As presently organized, the NCE facilitates market manipulation.     

国际油价新探讨

美国WTI和英国布伦特原油价格可以引导其他低硫轻质原油的价格走势,但是并不代表全球石油价格的平均水平。由于全球所产石油的60％～70％都是高硫或重质原油,而高硫或重质原油价格相对平稳,所以,近期世界石油价格平均水平并非暴涨。由于各国对环保要求的不断提高,炼油厂对低硫轻质原油的需求急增,从而使国际上低硫轻质原油和高硫重质原油的价格差距越拉越大。由于低硫轻质原油增产潜力有限以及炼厂加工设备短期内难以得到改善,因此,这种状况将会持续数年,并且还将导致世界炼油工业出现两极分化。在将来相当长的一段时间内,世界将不会面临石油供应短缺,但消费者需要付出更高的价格。油价大涨是石油市场发生结构性变化的结果,是石油价值回归的体现,是市场选择的结果。油价大涨对我国经济来说,既有挑战,也有机遇。因此,科学地研究和客观地认识国际石油市场并制定相应的合理对策至关重要。     

Price Leadership on the National Cheese Exchange

The motivation and trading behavior of the leading cheese companies on the National Cheese Exchange are examined. Although only 0.2 percent of all cheese is sold on the NCE, it is used to formula-price 90-95 percent of the bulk cheese in the U.S. Kraft General Foods, the largest buyer of cheese in the U.S., was the dominant seller on the NCE during 1988-1993, with the apparent purpose and effect of depressing national cheese prices. Kraft's behavior is consistent with that of a barometric price leader that enjoys a significant degree of discretion in shaping the pattern of prices over a price cycle. As presently organized, the NCE facilitates market manipulation.     

城镇高压管道阀门及执行机构的选择

随着城镇管道压力级制的提高．反映出相应配套设备的选用问题．对城镇高压管道阀门及执行机构的选择方面提出问题，下面就电液联动执行机构和气液联动执行机构作一个对比阐述．     

Quantifying value chain analysis in the context of livestock systems in developing countries

The analysis of value chains has augmented our knowledge on the complexities, inter-linkages, distributional benefits, and institutional arrangements of production and marketing channels in developing countries. However, the analysis remains relatively qualitative and case-specific, with limited ability to rank or assess the impact of alternative interventions or to analyze sufficiently the complex market dynamics and feedbacks present in livestock systems. This paper offers theoretical and applied insights on ways to improve the analytical rigor of the value chain methodology that combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches.     

Maximization of the Economic Value of Research Through Quantifying the Relations Between Research and the Market

Abstract— A tentative planning and resource allocation system for product-oriented research in large centralized research laboratories is described. The system has been developed and tested on the basis of a number of case studies. It can be used as an information system providing the research organization with research goals and their economic value and also to recommend which research project funding patterns have the greatest value to the company. The system is named QUESTAR (Q uantitative U tility E valuation S uggesting T argets for the A llocation of R esources) and has been developed in cooperation with Abt Associates, Management Consultants of Cambridge, Massachusetts.