中国区域经济发展的经济学分析

1.生产力层次推移理论 生产力层次推移理论是国际上的一种区域经济理论,即无论在世界范围内还是一国范围内,客观上存在着经济技术上的不同层次。     

Adam Smith's theory of economic history and economic development

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to show that Smith has a theory of economic history grounded in a politico-economic modeling (as well as a sort of economic theoretical modeling). In terms of the politico-economic approach, in the Wealth of Nations (Book III.ii–iv) Smith tried to offer a systematic account of economic development from feudalism to capitalism in Europe. These lead to suggest that the seeming internal inconsistency between the natural and the actual courses of progress in Book III may be resolved, and that Smith may be treated as a precursor of Douglass North, who stressed an inextricable link between the polity and the economy in economic history.     

Heterogeneous capital, economic growth, and economic development

This paper asks how much does physical capital contribute to economic growth. It postulates that capital is heterogeneous because of embodied progress, and it structures the inquiry to account for differences in economic development. Embedded in data that cover 120 nations over 41 years are 35 derived capital stock series, whose characteristics include average ages stratified by development state. Growth accountancy proceeds by regression analysis cast in a production function context and repeated for each capital type. Those results help to establish the growth contributions of labor quantity and quality and capital quantity and quality. They also bear on neoclassical convergence.     

The Polish economic collapse: Contributing factors and economic costs

The rapid expansion of industrial output in Poland during the 1970s came to an abrupt halt during the latter part of the decade. This paper examines the factors contributing to the economic collapse and measures the economic costs in terms of foregone output. The basic results indicate that, although a decline in hard-currency imports and labor-hours worked were substantial contributing factors, most of the decline in output is accounted for by factors such as planning, managerial difficulties, or political unrest. In addition the gap between actual and potential industrial output reached more than 35%.     

经济全球化与我国对外经贸的发展

经济全球化发展的趋势 ９０年代以来,经济全球化以不可阻挡的强大力量向世界的每一个角落和各国经济生活的各个领域延伸。随着经济全球化的不断深入,世界各国经济都被纳入到统一的世界经济体系之中,各国经济相互渗透和相互依存已成为当今时代的一个重要特征。 经济全球化作为当代世界经济发展的一个根本特征,其意义是显而易见的。由于形成了全球市场,各国可以拥有更广阔的发展空间,可以突破单个国家市场规模和资源禀赋等方面的限制,在全球范围进行资源的优化配置,从而也就能带来更高的效益。由于经济全球化是建立在信息革命的基础上…     

经济法与政府经济管理行为之法律机制

政府对于经济的作用,在我们国家表现得尤为突出.在市场经济体制改革被正式提出之前,政府是中国经济运行的绝对的中枢,它决定着中国经济的启动、运行、刹车的全过程,直到今天,我们的经济仍然无法摆脱历史的惯性.     

Cooperative economic growth

We comparatively study optimal economic growth in a simple endogenous growth model and under two different games, i.e., dynamic sequential game and cooperative stochastic differential game, between a representative household and a typical self-interested politician. Sequential equilibrium solution is derived by applying Backward Induction Principle and corresponding optimal economic growth rate is endogenously determined. Moreover, cooperative equilibrium solution is established with group rationality, individual rationality and sub-game consistency requirements fulfilled, and it is further confirmed that the representative household will save more, and the self-interested politician will tax less, thereby leading to much faster economic growth, when compared to those of the sequential equilibrium solution.     

Adaptive economic growth

This paper develops an evolutionary theory of adaptive growth,understood as a product of structural change and economic self-transformation,based upon processes that are closely connected with but notreducible to the growth of knowledge. The dominant connectingtheme is enterprise, the innovative variations it generatesand the multiple connections between investment, innovation,demand and structural transformation in the market process.The paper explores the dependence of macroeconomic productivitygrowth on the diversity of technical progress functions andincome elasticities of demand at the industry level, and theresolution of this diversity into patterns of economic changethrough market processes. It is shown how industry growth ratesare constrained by higher-order processes of emergence thatconvert an ensemble of industry growth rates into an aggregaterate of growth. The growth of productivity, output and employmentare determined mutually and endogenously, and their values dependon the variation in the primary causal influences in the system.     

Spontaneous economic order

This paper provides attempts to formalize Hayek’s notion of spontaneous order within the framework of an Arrow-Debreu economy. Our study shows that, if a competitive economy is sufficiently fair and free, a spontaneous economic order will emerge in long-run competitive equilibria so that social members spontaneously occupy an unplanned distribution of income. Despite this, the spontaneous order may degenerate in the form of economic crises whenever an equilibrium economy approaches the extreme competition. Remarkably, such a theoretical framework of spontaneous order provides a bridge linking Austrian economics and neoclassical economics, where a truth begins to emerge: “Freedom promotes technological progress”.     

The economic spin

In business today “spinning” typically has a negative connotation. But it's more basic meaning, as a counter-twisting action producing multipurpose threads, actually better describes economic acts and relations. It especially illustrates Adam Smith's basic insight into the economic act as blending the mutual self-interests of buyers and sellers, of workers and employers, of borrowers and lenders. This meaning is obviously evident in private economic actions but it is also implicit in public undertakings. Indeed, just a few “look-sees” into the histories of national economies demonstrate the conclusion that where economic “weaving and spinning” interests are most effective, their economies evolve most productively and where not, they don’t.     

Thoreau's economic philosophy

Abstract

This paper provides an encompassing portrayal of Thoreau's economic thought. It is analyzed against the background of the history of economic thought and the economic thinking of his time. Thoreau's economic thought is an extensive examination of the ideas of classical political economy, and particularly of Jean-Baptiste Say, and it is a fundamental critique thereof. Thoreau recognizes that some aspects and foundations of the modern conception of the economy lead to an alienation of the human being from itself as well as to an alienation from nature. I demonstrate that this critique is a result of Thoreau's specific approach to the economy, which, based on his particular understanding of the human being and his philosophy of nature, seeks the meaning of the economy for human life and for nature. In this philosophical approach, which I characterize as an economic philosophy, Thoreau's deeper defiance of classical political economy and his original place within the history of economic thought are grounded. It leads Thoreau to an alternative conception of an economy of moderation, which is identified and described in detail. I conclude with considerations on the potential meaning of Thoreau's thought for current economic research.     

Rethinking economic development

I provide a summary, reflection and assessment of the current state of economic development in both the policy and academic worlds. In terms of development policy, currently, the primary focus is on policy interventions, namely, foreign aid, aimed at fixing the “deficiencies” of developing countries. Academic research also has a similar focus, except with an emphasis in rigorous evaluation of interventions to estimate causal effects. A standard set of versatile quantitative tools is used, e.g., experimental and quasi‐experimental methods, which can be easily applied in a range of settings to estimate the causal effects of policies, which are typically presumed to be similar across contexts. In this article, I take a step back and ask whether the current practices are the best that we can do. Are foreign aid and policy interventions the best options we have for poverty alleviation? What else can be done? Is our current research strategy, characterized by rigorous but a lack of context‐specific analysis, the best method of analysis? Is there a role for other research methods, for a deeper understanding of the local context and for more collaboration with local scholars?     

The economic spin

In business today “spinning” typically has a negative connotation. But it's more basic meaning, as a counter-twisting action producing multipurpose threads, actually better describes economic acts and relations. It especially illustrates Adam Smith's basic insight into the economic act as blending the mutual self-interests of buyers and sellers, of workers and employers, of borrowers and lenders. This meaning is obviously evident in private economic actions but it is also implicit in public undertakings. Indeed, just a few “look-sees” into the histories of national economies demonstrate the conclusion that where economic “weaving and spinning” interests are most effective, their economies evolve most productively and where not, they don’t.     

Navajo economic behavior

“Navajo Economic Behavior” is an attempt to explain why development schemes on the Navajo Reservation have thus far failed. The main hypothesis is that these failures are the result of reliance on orthodox economic development theories of questionable relevance when applied to the Navajo. The reason such theories might not be appropriate is that they are based on assumptions regarding human behavior (maximation, and so forth) that do not apply to the Navajo with their unique cultural evolution. To illustrate the point, a brief review of the neoclassical economic model is offered and then compared to a model of Navajo economic behavior. The Navajo are shown to behave in a fashion somewhat different from the utility maximizing Anglo. The overlay of orthodox economic policy onto a unique Navajo economic system is shown to be the cause of confrontation and policy failure rather than stimulation of economic growth. The conclusion is that in an energy and resource scarce world, the Navajo with their ownership of such resources will be pushed further into the Anglo economic arena, despite cultural differences that may not make them comfortable there. Hence there exists the possibility of further failures of even the most well-intentioned economic growth schemes.     

Austrian economic policy

Zusammenfassung Die österreichische Wirtschaftspolitik wird in Österreich vielfach als austro-keynesianisch etikettiert. Der vorliegende aufsatz versucht zu zeigen, daß das Keynesianische dieser Politik nicht in einer Stop-and-go-Politik besteht, was üblicherweise als Keynesianismus bezeichnet wird. Vielmehr zielt die österreichische Wirtschaftspolitk darauf ab, intrinsische Instabilitäten des Marktprozesses als Folge von Unsicherheiten oder wechselnden Erwartungen durch gesamtwirtschaftliche Arrangements zu reduzieren: Sozialpartnerschaft, stabiler Finanzsektor, Unabhängigkeit der Investitionsentscheidungen von monetären Faktoren sowie Dominanz automatischer Stabilisatoren. Diese Reduktion von Marktinstabilitäten kann als fundamentale Politikempfehlung Keynes' angesehen werden.Der Terminus Austro in der Bezeichnung der österreichischen Wirtschaftspolitik weist darauf hin, daß es ein hausgemachtes Konzept ist, welches neben keynesianischen Elementen auch klassische Relikte, neoklassische Erweiterungen, monetaristische Vermutungen oder einfach Wirtschaftspolitik à la Hausverstand beinhaltet. Dies gilt insbesondere für eine Vielzahl von selektiven Eingriffen wie Investitions-, Spar- oder Exportförderung. Gemeinsam ist diesen selektiven Eingriffen, daß sie üblicherweise als Erklärungen für die Erfolge der österreichischen Wirtschaftspolitik herangezogen werden; der konkrete Beweis hiefür steht jedoch aus.Der Aufsatz unternimmt den Versuch, das austro-keynesianische Konzept theoretisch wie auch empirisch kritisch zu prüfen.

---

---

Revised joint version of two papers presented at the Premier colloque du Club européen des associations d'économistes: Les politiques économiques des années 1980, Paris, March 1983. The conference volume will be published under the editorship of P. Maillet, Association Française de Science Economique.