大力发展农村合作组织 提高农村公共物品供给能力

随着农业税的取消,作为农村公共物品主要供给者的乡(镇)、村两级组织的收入大大减少,极大地影响了公共物品供给,严重制约了我国农村经济的发展和农民社会福祉的提高,成为构建社会主义新农村的一大瓶颈。文章认为,在新形势下,应充分认识到农村合作组织对缓解农村公共物品供给不足问题的重要作用,及时调整农村公共事业发展的思路,通过配套政策支持,大力发展农村合作组织,提高农村公共物品供给能力,以适应农村公共事业发展的需要。     

湖南省农村公共物品供给状况的实证分析

从农民生活所需的公共物品角度,以农民的需求为出发点,根据凯恩斯的绝对收入假说消费函数模型以及农村公共物品供需平衡理论的线性回归模型,对湖南省农民的需求偏好和农村主要公共物品的供给状况进行回归分析。认为应该进一步强化公共财政的职能,优化投资结构,创新投融资体制,提高湖南省农村公共物品的供给数量和质量。     

农村社区公共物品的农户自愿供给——基于声誉理论的分析

农户的声誉不仅能给农户带来直接效用,它还具备信息效应与资本效应,对农户参与农村社区公共物品供给博弈的均衡路径产生重要影响。在独立博弈下,声誉的直接效用能使农户采取合作行动;在关联博弈和重复博弈中,声誉的信息及资本效应对农户的偷懒行为有很强的约束,将导致博弈进入合作均衡。因此基于声誉损益的考虑,由农户自愿供给农村社区内的公共物品会是一个有效的结果。     

基于农户视角的农村公共品供需均衡研究

基于3省245个农户的调查表明,农民当前最急需的公共品是卫生医疗、农田基础设施;农民的公共品需求有如下特点：硬品优先于软品;物质需求优先于精神需求;现实优于长远;切身利益重于宏观环境。合意的公共品供给有新型农村合作医疗、粮食直补政策和义务教育,农民对公共品供给最不满意的是农村社会养老、农业科技信息服务和农村金融。农民对公共品供给的满意度主要取决于公共品的规模、质量、价格和农户的人口社会学背景。最后,对农村公共品供需均衡矩阵进行了分析,并建议根据公共品供需衔接状况、农民对公共品供给的满意程度,实行不同的公共品供给策略。     

基层分权改革与农村社会公共品供给——基于DID方法的经验证据

分权能否提高下级政府对辖区居民公共品需求的响应度,本文以基层分权改革较为典型的浙江扩权改革为对象,利用其56个县市面板数据和DID方法对这一问题进行分析。研究发现,扩权改革对农村社会不同类型公共品供给的影响存在明显差异,扩权改革显著提高了硬公共品供给水平,对软公共品供给产生负面影响。扩权改革后,县市政府对农村社会软硬公共品供给偏好差异不仅与扩权改革所处的体制环境有关,与扩权本身改革策略也有一定关系。     

地方性公共品供给制度创新研究

在市场经济条件下 ,地方政府的主要职责是分级提供各种地方性公共品 ,满足居民生活和企业生产的共同需要。但是 ,政府提供并不等于政府生产 ,更不等于政府垄断生产。中国现行地方性公共品供给制度的主要缺陷是地方政府以及公共部门的过度垄断。按公共品生产与提供、直接生产与间接生产分开等原则 ,打破垄断 ,有序地向国内外开放公共品生产市场 ,大力推进公共品生产的市场化 ,形成“公”与“私”以及各自内部的竞争 ,将有助于提高地方性公共品供给效率 ,增进公共福利 ,并有助于推进中国的市场化进程。     

农村公共产品供给短缺的制度原因分析

农村公共产品供给的短缺影响了农村经济的发展,农村公共产品的内在特征是造成农村公共产品不能被提供出来的一个原因,更重要的原因是相关制度安排的缺失或不完善,现行的非集体农作制度、分税制下的农村税费体系以及农村行政管理体制造成的必然结果是农村公共产品的供给不足,而进行制度改革和创新无疑是解决问题的必由之路。     

农村公共物品多边治理机制研究——基于嵌套博弈的分析

解决农村公共物品效率问题应以多边治理思想代替简单的供给思想。农村公共物品治理不是一个孤立的博弈,而是嵌套在社会关系博弈之中。改变农村基层权力结构,建立以农户需求为导向、自下而上的公共物品决策体系,将形成有利于多边治理的博弈结构。在这种嵌套博弈中,农户、企业及非盈利组织都有参与农村公共物品治理的积极性,他们与村委会及各级政府共同建立起分工协调的多边治理机制,从而提高农村公共物品的治理效率。     

湖北省“以钱养事”新机制的农村公共产品供给研究

现阶段农村的公共产品供给严重不平衡,这就迫切需要改变现有乡镇事业单位的职能,构建适应社会主义市场经济发展的农村公共服务机制。变管理为服务,这对于新农村建设具有很深刻的意义。而对于农民而言,他们最需要的莫过于公共产品也可以说是对农业有益的产品和服务。在这方面,湖北省做出了有益的尝试。湖北省委、省政府从2003年6月起在全省选择七个县（市、区）进行试点,2006年在全省全面推广,在1 068个乡镇建立起了以市场为导向、以政府为主体、以满足农民需要为目的的＂以钱养事＂的农村公共产品供给新机制。     

农村公共产品供给绩效评价指标体系的构建与实证性检验

大量研究文献证明,我国农村公共产品供给是低绩效的、而目前对农村公共产品供给绩效的研究,大多停留在价值的选择上,很少有人提出一整套的量化指标体系.本文以农村公共产品绩效评价指标的新理念为核心,采用标准化评分方法,创新性的构建了一套操作性较强的农村公共产品供给绩效评价指标体系,并将西部某省一些县乡取消农业税后公共产品供给情况的调研数据,代入所构建的绩效评价指标体系中进行实证分析和检验,结果显示:该指标体系不仅可以反映出政府在农村公共产品供给上的行为偏好,而且可以说明政府农村公共产品供给政策合理与否,为以后展开相关研究提供了一种思路和参考.     

The transition from ‘socialist’ agriculture to the common agricultural policy: the case of Slovenia

This article describes the changes in Slovenian agricultural policy in the period 1993–2001 in light of Slovenia's anticipated accession to the European Union. Agriculture in Slovenia is characterised by relatively unfavourable natural and structural conditions, which also explains its status as a net food importer and its relatively protectionist agricultural policy. The period of transition was also a period of thorough restructuring of agricultural policy, which was gradually brought into line with the goals and mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Even before accession Slovenia started to implement CAP-like measures, including direct payments and rural development policy measures. Slovenia is thus the only candidate country for EU accession with a level of support for agriculture comparable with that in the European Union. In its negotiations for EU membership, Slovenia agreed on the same level of direct payments for Slovenian farmers as received by farmers in the European Union, except that in the first period they will be largely covered from the national budget. As a result of the outcome of negotiations, the economic position of Slovenian farmers after accession is not expected to change markedly on the aggregate level, particularly if all the necessary steps are taken with regard to the building of an efficient system for the transposition of the CAP. Accession to the EU will, however, not solve the problem of relatively poor compeititiveness of the agricultural sector in Slovenia, which still has to undergo comprehensive structural changes and adjustments.     

改善农村人居环境的公共财政引导问题

农村人居环境的构成要素主要属于社区性、集体性的准公共物品,在当前总体的农村公共品供给不足情况下,这类公共品如何提供,其政策思路和解决方案最不清楚,成为盲点.本文在分析考察了其现状、进展与困难之后,提出了今后公共财政支持、引导农村人居环境改善的基本思路与六个方面的对策建议.     

Agri-environmental policies in the EU and United States: A comparison

Agri-environmental policies (AEPs) in the United States and the European Union are examples of payments for environmental services that pay farmers to reduce the negative externalities of agricultural production, while serving as a means to transfer public funds to farmers. We show that despite similar origins, AEPs in the two regions differ both in their specific objectives and in their implementation. For example, AEPs in most member states of the EU-15 have the additional objective of using agriculture as a driver for rural development. This objective is achieved by compensating farmers for the private delivery of positive public goods, such as attractive landscapes, produced by agriculture. The rationale is market failure, and there is empirical evidence that Europeans are willing to pay for such positive externalities. No comparable provision exists in U.S. policy. By contrast, U.S. AEPs focus almost entirely on reducing agriculture's negative externalities, such as soil erosion. Second, we find that U.S. programs are more targeted than their EU counterparts, and take opportunity cost into account. The EU programs, on the other hand, address a wider range of externalities, and are focused more on the paying for a particular farming process than reducing specific negative externalities. The EU takes a broader view of AEPs than does the United States, both in terms of type of activity that can be funded, and by using less targeting by land characteristics, and so the European program could be more easily used as a mechanism for transferring income to producers. Despite this, we find evidence that many of the amenities targeted by the programs are demanded by the population.     

国内农村地区公共物品供给的理论综述

农村公共物品供给研究是当前农村问题研究与社会主义新农村建设探讨的重点,通过对众多研究文献进行梳理和分析,从农村公共物品供给体制、税费改革后的农村公共财政建设、完善乡村治理模式的角度入手,对农村地区公共物品供给理论进行了综述.     

河南省农村公共物品投资的收入效应研究

通过运用面板数据模型对河南省农村公共物品部门固定资产投资对农民收入的影响进行分析,主要结论表明,河南省农村公共物品投资对农民收入的增长起到了积极的推动作用.当前,河南省农村公共物品供给匮乏且结构不合理,河南省农村人均收入和人均累计公共物品投资的地区差距在逐渐拉大.针对这些问题,我们应采取相应措施,以进一步提高河南省农民的收入水平.     

新农村建设:一个政治经济学视角的解析

新农村建设是对城乡经济社会发展不平衡的一个积极回应,它包含经济增长和社会发展两个层面.从政治经济学视角出发,在经济增长方面,户籍、土地、保障等制度性因素制约到农村劳动力的有效流转,从而对劳动生产率提升和农业发展产生负面影响;在社会福利方面,农民的数量优势没有转化为谈判优势,对市场价格和政策制定的影响力较小,其社会福利获取以及发展程度处于不利地位.据此,新农村建设必须对相关制度性、组织性因素进行完善和改革,部分农民的真正流转和留守农民的自发组织将尤其重要.     

中国农村公共品供给与农村财政制度创新

近年来我国以农业发展缓慢、农民负担沉重、农村社会问题突出为主要表象的“三农”问题,虽然原因是多方面的,但是农村公共品供给不力是其中最重要的方面。这就要求我们从公共财政学的角度科学地安排农村公共品的供给,进行农村财政制度创新。     

Intermediaries,transport costs and interlinked transactions

Farmers in developing countries often encounter difficulties selling their products on local markets. Inadequate transport infrastructure in rural areas and large distances between areas of production and consumption mean that farmers find it costly to bring their produce to the market and this very often results in small net margins and poverty among farmers who are geographically isolated. Agriculture in developing countries is characterized by the presence of intermediaries that have a cost advantage over farmers. Because of their market power, these intermediaries are able to impose interlinked contracts and are free to choose the spatial pricing policy they use. In this paper, we develop a model of input–output interlinked contracts between an intermediary and geographically dispersed farmers. We establish when the intermediary uses either uniform or mill pricing policies, as opposed to spatial discriminatory pricing. For each pricing policy, we analyze what the welfare implications are in terms of an increase in farmers' income and a reduction in poverty in rural areas. We also establish how the choice of a spatial pricing policy impacts geographically isolated farmers and how it influences the participation by farmers.     

论公共产品的市场提供

一般而言，满足消费者需求的消费品划分为两类，一类是用货币收入等价交换的消费品，即私人产品；一类是不以货币交换的消费品，即公共产品。私人产品只能由私人提供，公共产品只能由政府提供，这一分析结论所包含的政策含义往往导致公共产品供给决策绝对化和“一刀切”的倾向，把许多行业和商品纳入公共产品范畴由政府垄断性供给，由此导致资源配置效率和使用效率较低，因此。中国应加大公共产品提供的市场化改革步伐。