新古典模型中收入和财富分配持续不平等的动态演化

本文讨论了当个人劳动能力和偏好存在差异的情况下，资本收入和劳动收入分配的差异如何通过遗产机制影响收入和财富分配的持续性不平等程度。论文分析表明：在偏好、个人劳动能力和个人收入的随机冲击的影响下，如果市场是完善的，整个经济系统存在收入和财富分配的稳定不平等状态，而且，这种稳定的不平等状态与初始的财富分配的不平等和一次性的产权配置都是无关的。最后，本文分析了资本收入税和劳动收入税对持续不平等程度的影响，通过分析指出：从长期来看，在劳动能力和初始财富存在差异而偏好没有差异的情况下，征收劳动收入税比征收资本收入税更有利于改善由于能力差异所造成的持续不平等。     

持续性不平等的原因及其动态演化综述

本文回顾了近半个多世纪以来有关收入和财富分配持续性不平等的原因及其动态演化方面的理论,包括收入和财富分布的随机过程模型、新古典框架下不平等的动态演化理论、人力资本投资对持续性不平等的影响、不完全资本市场下持续性不平等的动态演化、经济增长中持续性不平等的动态演化以及其他各种机制对不平等动态演化的影响等。论文还对有关持续性不平等理论的发展脉络和内在演化逻辑进行了梳理,并在此基础上对现有文献进行了总体评述,并对今后研究的发展方向作了简单讨论。     

收入分配不平等对刑事犯罪的影响

本文利用1988—2006年中国省级面板数据,采用动态面板数据估计了收入分配不平等对刑事犯罪率的影响。研究发现,控制跨省人口迁徙、福利支出、失业率等因素并作相关的稳健性检验以后,以基尼系数度量的收入分配不平等上升1个百分点,刑事犯罪率将至少上升0.185个百分点,并且收入不平等程度不断上升会导致政府增加福利支出以降低刑事犯罪率;城市化会导致刑事犯罪率上升;提高人力资本水平和增加福利支出都会对遏制犯罪发挥重要影响。     

中国家庭收入流动性与收入不平等的实证研究

本文以中国营养与健康调查中连续抽取的家庭为样本,从收入流动的视角,用公理化方法和福利评价法,对我国1988—2008年间家庭收入流动性水平与结构进行了测度和分解,并估计出收入流动对中长期收入不平等的影响。结果表明:我国家庭的相对收入流动性和绝对收入流动性的变化及其对收入不平等的影响不同。绝对收入流动性呈上升趋势,而相对收入流动性呈周期变动。绝对收入增长具有"马太效应",相对收入等级流动具有"粘性"。绝对收入流动降低了中长期的绝对收入不平等,但相对收入流动加剧了相对收入不平等。     

收入分配机会不平等问题研究进展

本文系统地回顾了近年来国外收入分配研究越来越关注的机会不平等问题。理论上说,收入差异的机会不平等研究是以内涵-政策-测度为逻辑发展的:以因素划分为基础的机会平等内涵讨论是机会平等政策所需补偿原则和回报原则的理论基础,而当前最重要的四种机会不平等程度测度方法是这些内涵和原则在实证方法中的运用。实证方面,本文通过对调查和实验结果的总结发现,机会公平认知判断和机会不平等测度在不同国家得到了各种不同的结果,并根据环境的不同具有适用性的差异。这些研究对于中国收入分配的研究和政策设计具有非常重要的借鉴意义。     

股市发展与收入分配不平等分析

股市发展与收入分配的关系研究已经在世界金融理论界及业界引起重视,本文主要对股市发展和自由化改革两者对收入分配不平等程度的影响进行分析。研究得出一国的股市规模扩大,受到门槛效应影响,其收入的分配状况也会趋于恶化,而流动性提升则会改善国人的收入分配不平等的状态;国家股市发展对不同的收入阶层也会产生不同影响;自由化改革后,股市流动性提升会进一步改善国内收入分配不平等的状况,同时在股市自由化后,股市规模扩大及股市流动性提升都会改善国家收入分配不平等的现象。     

中国当前收入不平等的现状分析

目前,中国收入不平等,尤其是机会不平等的问题日益严重,影响了经济发展的速度和质量,成为了急需解决的重大问题。在数据分析的基础上,归纳目前中国收入不平等的现状,并从制度层面上提出缓解收入不平等的对策建议。     

中国家庭收入不平等与消费不平等——基于收入冲击和消费保险视角的研究

本文采用CFPS 2010—2018年数据,考察了中国家庭收入不平等和消费不平等之间的内在联系。研究发现：第一,收入不平等呈现先上升后下降的倒U形趋势,而消费不平等在平稳中有上升趋势。第二,消费对持久性冲击和暂时性冲击均存在部分保险。第三,收入不平等和消费不平等之间演变趋势的不同步可以通过这一时期收入冲击的持续程度和消费保险程度来解释。进一步分析表明,转移支付、耐用品交易和家庭资产在应对收入冲击时起着重要的保险作用。     

教育不平等与收入分配差距的研究综述

本文首先对国外有关教育不平等系数的测定方法进行了总结与评述,其中着重介绍了教育基尼系数的测度方式。随后,从理论与实证两个层面对教育不平等与收入分配的关系研究进行评述,并在既有研究的基础上,对相关后续研究提出进一步的研究思路。     

收入不平等问题最新研究热点分析

长期以来,收入不平等是研究热点,近五年来热度进一步上升,本文借助Web 0f Science的搜索功能考察近五年来这一领域研究的最新进展、热点与亮点,范围是SSCI索引论文。本文对收入不平等文献的发文量进行了分析,并说明了差商法有助于描述各类别收入不平等文献的增长速度。文章回顾了收入不平等研究领域的奠基性文献和收入分配分析的来龙去脉;介绍了近五年来收入分配理论研究中最突出的两个方向,其中之一是邦费罗尼曲线与指数;评介了有关我国收入不平等及相关问题的研究成果。此外,本文还介绍了收入不平等分析方法在其他不平等分析中的拓展与应用。     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND WEALTH IN JAPAN

This paper reviews research on the distribution of income and wealth in Japan, identifies sources of data on income and wealth, and describes limitations of these data. Evidence that Japan's poorest income groups are relatively well-off is convincing, but there is less evidence that the overall distribution of income in Japan is more equal than in other OECD countries. Agricultural policy, social welfare policy, the tax system, trends in earnings differentials, and the role of the Japanese family are among the many factors that have shaped Japan's income distribution. The rapid appreciation of the stock market and land prices during the late 1980s led to greater inequality in the distribution of wealth. Rapid population aging is expected to lead to an increase in total national wealth relative to national income which may have an adverse impact on the distribution of income.     

A TWO FACTOR MODEL OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION DYNAMICS

This paper analyzes empirical income distributions and proposes a simple stochastic model to explain the stationary distribution and deviations from it. Using the individual tax returns data in the U.S. and Japan for 40 years, we first summarize the shape of the income distribution by an exponential decay up to about the 90th percentile and a power decay for the top 1 percent. We then propose a minimal stochastic process of labor and asset income to reproduce the empirical characteristics. In particular, the Pareto exponent is derived analytically and matched with empirical statistics.     

HOUSING IN A NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH MODEL

We present evidence that in the USA, the relative price of housing exhibits secular growth and that its growth rate is a stationary series. The ratio of the value of house stock to either consumption or GDP is also stationary. We develop a two‐sector neoclassical growth model with housing that is consistent with these facts. Among the long‐run determinants of the growth of housing prices and housing stock per capita are factor intensities, rates of technological progress in both the housing and non‐housing sectors, and the excess of population growth over land growth. We also study the model's transitional dynamics.     

NEOCLASSICAL GROWTH AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMPTION

Abstract.  The neoclassical growth model is used to compare an economy with growing per capita income with an economy with stationary per capita income, in terms of equity in distribution of consumption. The economies have the same initial conditions including the same initial wealth distribution. The outcome of the comparison depends on the nature of structural differences between the economies. Even with convergence in wealth distribution in the growing economy, the consumption distribution there may be less equitable and dynasties with least initial levels of wealth may be worse off than dynasties with same initial wealth levels in the stationary economy.     

WEALTH DISTRIBUTION AND INVESTMENT INCOME IN BRITAIN*

This paper examines two different approaches to the estimation of the size distribution of wealth. The first section describes new estimates for the distribution in Britain in 1968 using the estate method and discusses the sensitivity of the results to the main assumptions. The second section presents preliminary estimates using the investment data, a method which has not been widely used. In the final section the results obtained for the upper tail of the distribution from the two methods are compared.     

WEALTH AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: PERMANENT AND TRANSITORY EFFECTS

This paper examines the permanent and transitory effects of changes in wealth, the top federal marginal income tax rate, and capital gains tax rate on the distribution of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI). This paper establishes the importance of wealth in determining the distribution of AGI, and results here suggest that its effects can negate the permanent effect of a change in both tax rates. Of the two tax rates, the capital gains tax rate is the most important for AGI distribution. The marginal income tax rate is notably less important for long run behavior, but does have short run impacts.     

收入增长和分配对我国农村减贫的影响-方法、特征与证据

改革开放30年来,在农村居民收入水平快速增长的大背景下,农村减贫进程却表现出明显的波动性和不一致性。基于此,本文在贫困分解的基础上,运用贫困弹性的动态特征,从理论和实证的角度探讨了收入增长和收入分配对贫困减少的影响,解释上述问题。文章发现:(1)人均收入水平越高,贫困越有可能和收入不平等联系在一起;(2)收入不平等越严重的地区,贫困对收入不平等的反应越迟钝;(3)1998年是我国农村反贫困性质发生改变的拐点。文章建议,今后农村反贫困政策的重点应从以促进收入增长的开发式扶贫向以改善收入分配为重点的社会保护式扶贫政策转变。     

WEALTH AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME, CANADA 1969–70

This paper explores the sensitivity of the size distribution of family income in Canada to alternative definitions of income. These alternative definitions examine both wealth generally in the form of an annuity equivalent, and home ownership in the form of imputed rent. An adjustment for family size differences is also made. The impact of these adjustments is assessed for average incomes, inequality, and the incidence of low income for different age groups. The adjustments do have significant effects that vary by age; in particular, the economic position of the elderly seems understated by the usual data. Also, methodological considerations, such as the direct use of micro data and the choice of inequality indicator are shown to be significant.