基于能力贫困与权利贫困视角的我国城市贫困原因分析——以甘肃省为例

城市贫困问题已成为中国改革和发展中急需解决的重要问题,治理城市贫困关系到稳定大局,实现“共同富裕”的发展目标,也是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。本文从能力贫困和权利贫困角度出发,结合甘肃省具体情况,对我国城市贫困原因进行了分析,并提出一些建议。     

河南省城市持续贫困问题调查与对策建议①

本文认为，随着城市贫困问题的进一步发展，城市持续贫困问题正变得越来越突出，而持续贫困表现为贫困的代内滞留和代际传递。文章基于郑州市贫困人口的抽样调查，分析了城市贫困的代内滞留和代际传递的可能性，解释了城市持续贫困的原因，并进而提出了扩大就业、完善社会保障体系、缩小贫富差距、重视农村流动人口对城市贫困的影响以及重点解决固定化的长期贫困问题的对策建议。     

我国农村贫困的新特征及扶贫战略新指向

进入新世纪以来,我国农村绝对贫困人口和农村的贫困发生率双双继续下降,但农村贫困问题依然存在,并出现了诸如绝对贫困大为缓解但相对贫困有所扩大、经济贫困有所缓解但人类贫困仍然存在、贫困人口呈现大分散、小集中的地域分布特征、贫困人口减少速率出现递减等的新特点。本文针对这些新特征,并结合国际经验,提出了我国政府扶贫战略的新指向。     

中国城市贫困类型的划分与识别——兼评《中国城市中的三种贫困类型》

由于缓解不同贫困类型的干预手段往往是不同的．所以有关城市贫困分类方面的研究就显得十分重要。但由于缺乏数据，国内相关实证研究进展缓慢，本文通过对《中国城市中的三种贫困类型》一文的分析，指出其存在的问题并提出改进措施，希望能够对城市贫困的划分与识别方面的研究有所启示。     

关于贫困的概念分析

本文试图从多个视角来描述贫困的特点和性质,进一步深入阐述有关贫困这一主题的相关话题,从而寻求消灭贫困的可行性方案。因为不同社会群体、不同社会学家对贫困的定义各有不同,本文分析了不同的贫困理论,探讨了不同贫困理论中所关注的贫困的不同特点,并研究了贫困分析理论所用到的不同方法。在分析贫困理论研究议题中,探讨了衡量贫困的标准,并为如何帮助贫困群体摆脱贫困提供了建议。     

一维到多维贫困测度比较研究——基于粤北山区的调查数据

贫困测度是研究贫困问题的基础,贫困测度的结果决定了反贫困对策的制定和实施,进而影响到贫困问题的解决。自森提出多维贫困概念以来,贫困测度的研究也从一维向多维扩展,很多学者提出了不同的贫困测度方法。论文对一维到多维多种贫困测度方法进行分析述评,利用粤北山区农村家庭样本数据实证分析了一维收入贫困线、FGT指数及Alkire&Foster多维贫困测度方法的优缺点,结论是:收入贫困线及FGT指数适合世界各国或地区之间贫困状况的比较;而A-F多维贫困测度模型不但适合某一地方的贫困测度,还能通过维度分解找出致贫原因,利于制定科学的反贫困对策。     

区域贫困程度测度研究:甘肃案例

区域贫困程度测度是精准施策,打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要依据。在对已有贫困程度测度方法回顾的基础上,文章通过分析深度贫困地区的贫困特征,提出区域贫困程度测度原则,构建区域贫困程度测度指标体系,并以甘肃为例对深度贫困县贫困程度进行测算,进一步了解深度贫困县的贫困现状、集中区域、影响因素及贫困差距等,以期为地方打赢脱贫攻坚战提供借鉴。     

贫困经济学研究:一个文献综述

本文主要回顾了20世纪60年代以来贫困经济学领域关于经济增长和缓解贫困,贫困的内涵、度量和类型,减贫战略及其演进等一系列热点问题的研究,并进行了简要评述,在此基础上进一步提出发展中国家应在宏观上将减贫战略和国家经济发展战略相结合、微观上将瞄准机制直接瞄准穷人和进行制度扶贫等政策建议。     

中国农村的暂时性贫困是否真的更严重

本文修正了Rodgers和Rodgers(1993)度量家庭或个人在一段时间内总贫困的方法,并将总贫困分解为暂时性贫困成分和慢性贫困成分,修正后的方法能够满足贫困加总的一系列重要公理。将这个方法应用于中国5个省份1995～2002年的农户面板数据,使我们对农村贫困获得了全新的认识:样本农户的总贫困呈下降趋势,但是慢性贫困成分在总贫困中所占的比例远远高于暂时性贫困成分,其比例甚至在个别时段内还呈现微弱的上升趋势。     

我国农村贫困的新特征与扶贫机制创新

进入新世纪以来，我国农村贫困虽有所缓解但仍形势严峻，并呈现出相对贫困、发展贫困、贫困刚性、分散贫困、脱贫波动性等特征凸显的态势。针对我国农村贫困人口脱贫的主要制约因素，文章提出应以增强贫困人口的自我发展能力为核心，对我国的扶贫开发机制加以创新。     

收入、知识和健康的三类贫困测算与解析

运用 Watts 多维度贫困指数,从收入、知识和健康三个维度测算了我国1990年、1997年和2003年的多维度贫困.并对引起贫困状况变化的原因进行了夏普里分解。测算结果表明,从1990～2003年,我国多维度贫困出现大幅下降,其中,收入贫困下降最多,健康贫困下降最少。同时,近年来在我国整体义务教育水平提高的同时,有一部分人的教育年限却在下降,说明教育发展很不均衡。     

Multidimensional poverty in South Africa in 2001–16

This study uses the Census 2001 and 2011 as well as Community Survey 2007 and 2016 data to derive a multidimensional poverty index in South Africa for each year, before assessing the changes in non-money-metric, multidimensional poverty over time. Both the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty decreased continuously, and these declines were more rapid than that of money-metric poverty. The decrease in multidimensional poverty between 2001 and 2016 was most rapid for female Africans residing in rural areas in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu–Natal provinces. Multidimensional poverty was most serious in numerous district councils in these two provinces, despite the fact that poverty decline was also most rapid in these district councils. The results of the multidimensional poverty index decomposition indicated that Africans contributed more than 95% to multidimensional poverty, while unemployment, years of schooling and disability were the three indicators contributing most to poverty.     

Smoke and mirrors? The science of poverty measurement and its application

Measures of poverty are much used, but also much criticised as having limited value in debates on public resource allocation. Some argue that the measures are too conservative and do little more than complicate important issues of inequality and injustice. However, poverty measurement can be sensitive to these concerns if grounded in the field's well-developed theoretical foundation. In South Africa, poverty measures over more than 50 years have consistently taken into account distributional issues and the causes and implications of deprivation, and most South African analyses of poverty have recognised and incorporated the multi-dimensional nature of poverty. Recognising different perceptions of aggregation, time horizon and the role of states and markets is perhaps more important than methodology when assessing what poverty measures can contribute. With proper theorisation, and attention paid to the purpose of poverty diagnostics, measurement is more than sleight-of-hand and can provide both a tool for advocacy and a means to implement policies that promote greater social justice.     

中国农村产业化扶贫模式探讨

产业化扶贫是近年来全国贫困地区正在实践的一种新型扶贫方式。文章对产业化扶贫开发中的五种模式进行了梳理,并对每种模式的成功案例进行了探讨,最后指出了实施产业化扶贫应注意的几个问题。     

Assessing Poverty Trends in Indonesia by International Poverty Lines

Indonesia has made well-documented and drastic progress in raising average incomes and reducing poverty. This article adds to the literature by providing a complementary perspective of poverty between 1984 and 2011. We discuss the evolution of poverty in Indonesia using international poverty lines—$1.25 per person per day (in 2005 purchasing power parity dollars) and $2.00 per day, and we add $10.00 per day. We generate estimates of poverty since 1984 and make projections based on various trends in growth and inequality. We find that Indonesia has the potential to become a high-income country by around 2025 and end $1.25-per-day and $2.00-perday poverty by 2030, but this will require strong economic growth and favourable changes in distribution. Looking ahead, the end of poverty in Indonesia may mean that a large proportion of the population will remain vulnerable to poverty for some time to come, suggesting that public policy priorities will need to balance insurance and risk-management mechanisms with more ‘traditional’ poverty policy.     

农村产业扶贫的困境与路径研究——以怀化市为例

农村产业扶贫机制是调动政府、企业、贫困户多方主体积极性的有效开发式扶贫机制。但是，当前农村产业扶贫依然面临着扶贫产业结构不优、农产品精深加工不足、农产品产销对接不畅、利益联结机制不健全等诸多实践困境。要破解上述实践困境，需要通过正确处理产业扶贫与区域发展的关系，不断夯实农产品加工业发展的支撑体系，积极探索农产品产销无缝对接的新模式，不断深化贫困人口与市场主体利益联结机制等举措才能实现。     

精准扶贫框架下的城市贫困治理

贫困问题是全球面临的重大难题,亦是古今中外治国理政的大事。我国为响应全球治理贫困的需求,同时为化解国内严峻的贫困形势,2013年在农村地区开始实行"精准扶贫"战略,实践取得了巨大成功。反观城市贫困人口的数量却一直居高不下,不仅缺乏精准化救助理念与形式,而且在治理主体与体系方面也缺少精准性,为实现城市与乡村的协调发展,也为实现共同富裕的目标,在分析精准扶贫对城市反贫困的契合基础上,欲运用精准扶贫作为指导,从救助理念、形式、主体、体系这四个方面进行精准化设计,实现精准性城市贫困治理。     

Measuring poverty with noisy and corrected estimates of annual consumption: Evidence from Nigeria

An opportunity to improve measurement and modelling of poverty in Africa arises from recent intra‐year panel surveys that observe household consumption in post‐planting and post‐harvest periods. Observing the same household twice lets an intra‐year correlation be estimated, which can be used to form a corrected estimate of annual consumption. The usual approach surveys consumption for just one short period, like a week or month, and extrapolates to an annual total. This may adequately estimate mean annual consumption for samples spread over a year but overstates dispersion. The resulting noise in consumption estimates inflates measures of poverty and inequality and creates misclassification errors that bias logit and probit models of poverty determinants. This study uses data from the 2012/2013 Nigeria General Household Survey panel to show effects on poverty measures of using annual estimates extrapolated from short‐period surveys. With the corrected extrapolation method that uses intra‐year correlations to adjust for inflated variances, Nigeria's poverty headcount rate falls by one half. Hence, much of the poverty measured in cross‐sectional surveys is transient poverty, for which different policy interventions are needed than for alleviating chronic poverty.