关系型借贷、银行竞争与中小企业融资研究述评

目前,银企关系、银行竞争对中小企业信贷融资的影响还存在争议。本文系统梳理了银企关系和银行竞争对中小企业融资影响的相关文献,从中小企业借贷可得性、成本和风险的角度,全面考察了银企关系和银行竞争的影响,同时分析了两者的相互作用。结果显示,银企关系、银行竞争会对中小企业信贷融资产生影响,且银企关系与银行竞争之间存在交互作用,但银企关系、银行竞争对中小企业融资的具体影响方向、大小存在显著的国别差异。在考察我国中小企业信贷融资过程中,需要结合宏观经济和信贷市场实际情况,区分不同理论的适用性,以期为缓解中小企业融资难题的研究和实践提供借鉴。     

Credit Unions and Small Business Lending

Among the issues raised by consolidation within the banking industry is a concern that small businesses will be less able to obtain credit as community banks are acquired by larger or non-local institutions. Community banks have traditionally been a major source of funding for small businesses. The impact of bank consolidation on credit availability may depend in part on whether the remaining community institutions expand their small business lending activities. This study examines whether credit unions have a propensity to extend business loans in markets that have experienced bank merger and acquisition activity. We find some evidence that credit unions are more likely to engage in business lending in markets characterized by greater bank merger and acquisition activity. Moreover, the estimated economic significance is meaningful in many of the specifications.

Relationship Lending, Accounting Disclosure, and Credit Availability during the Asian Financial Crisis

We examine whether lending relationships benefit firms by making credit more available during periods of financial stress. Our main finding is that during the Asian financial crisis of July 1997 through the end of 1998, relationship lending increased the likelihood that Korean and Thai firms would obtain credit but it had no effect on Indonesian and Philippine firms. We ask if accounting disclosure might explain the observed differences among the three countries for which audit information is available. We find that for Indonesian firms with weak lending relationships, banks replace relationship lending technology with a financial-statement lending technology. Such a result does not hold for Korean and Philippine firms.     

网络借贷与互联网征信

近年来,我国网络借贷交易规模和平台数量快速发展,但也存在一些问题,如网络借贷机构难以得到传统银行同等待遇,网络信贷征信机构之间数据难以共享,网络借贷征信机构数据积累过少. 为促进网络借贷行业健康发展,需要提升央行征信中心个人征信系统等对网络信贷平台的服务能力,积极推动互联网征信机构与央行征信中心个人征信系统的数据共享,加大征信产品开发力度,为互联网征信的发展提供法律保障.     

关系型借贷与中小企业融资

基于三家国内股份制银行中小企业客户的随机调查结果,本文验证了关系型借贷已经成为中小企业与银行之间信贷的一般方法。股份制银行已经超过国有商业银行成为中小企业银行借贷的主体,这证明了小银行优势假说在中国的适用。本研究证明中小企业的最大贷款金额基本上是在企业规模基础上,由企业自身的情况和企业与银行的关系共同决定的,与银行的关系越紧密,获得的贷款额度越高,价格越便宜。国家应在政策方面支持中小型银行的发展及对银行关系型借贷产品的开发,以在最短时间、最大程度上满足中小企业的融资需求。     

Catastrophic Default and Credit Risk for Lending Institutions

Mortgage insurance does insure lenders against most ordinary default: that default induced by price movements in the overall housing market. However, private mortgage insurance typically excludes coverage of the truly catastrophic default resulting from such acts of God as fire, floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, increasingly familiar in the United States in recent years. Often, these events affect a substantial portion of the houses within a particular neighborhood or region; and if disaster insurance or government aid is inadequate or nonexistent, the default is likely to occur, putting the credit institution at risk. This paper uses a two-state option model with an added jump process that accounts for the possibility and severity of a catastrophe. The paper then uses that information to determine the credit risk to a lender. In addition, this article goes beyond the standard market valuations typical of an option model in reporting the distribution of events that average up to the market cost of the lenders liability. This involves doing probability calculations not present in the usual valuation determinations of option pricing. The point of this article is that the option-pricing methodology provides the means for calculating such probability distributions, thus improving credit risk evaluations for the lender.     

Connected Lending in Bank Lines of Credit

Journal of Financial Services Research - We find that firms usually obtain larger credit lines if their executives have common past employers or past board memberships with lenders. The effect not...     

偏低定价、贷款放宽与房地产价格——基于PW模型的中美比较及启示

Pavlov and Wachter(2004,2006)从市场竞争的角度发现住房信贷偏低定价是推动信贷过度扩张从而导致房地产价格膨胀的一个重要原因。本文认为流动性过剩将加剧这种现象,同时贷款放宽也是推动信贷过度扩张导致房地产价格上涨的重要原因。近年来在流动性过剩下中美两国住房信贷市场都出现了偏低定价和贷款放宽现象,其表现和产生的原因具有共性和个性。在中美比较的基础上,本文提出了对我国的几点启示。     

Bank Lending Standards and Access to Lines of Credit

This paper examines how changes in bank lending standards are related to the availability of bank lines of credit for private and comparable public firms. Overall, we find that access to lines of credit is more contingent on bank lending standards for private than for public firms. The impact of bank lending standards is however asymmetric: while private firms are less likely than public firms to gain access to new lines when credit market conditions are tight, we find no difference between public and private firms in terms of their use or retention of pre‐existing lines. We also find that private firms without lines of credit use more trade credit when bank lending standards are tight, which is suggestive of a supply effect. Overall, the evidence suggests that “credit crunches” are likely to have a disproportionate impact on private firms. However, pre‐existing banking relationships appear to mitigate the impact of these contractions on private firms.     

Lending Policies of Financial Intermediaries Facing Credit and Funding Risk

This paper compares the optimal lending decisions of financial intermediaries that differ in their risk exposure. All intermediaries are assumed to face a loan demand described by a random applicant arrival process with each applicant offering a unique risk-adjusted rate of return; loan demand is therefore uncertain in both quantity and quality. The intermediaries differ in terms of their risk exposure because of disparate funding practices. Intermediaries functioning as brokers minimize their exposure by borrowing funds only as demand is realized, whereas those behaving as asset-transformers borrow in advance of realizing loan demand, thereby maintaining a loanable funds inventory and sustaining the related exposure. The optimal sequential lending policy is shown to involve setting a credit standard that becomes stricter with the length of the intermediary's planning horizon and the volume of loans outstanding. Most importantly, it is shown that brokers adopt stricter credit standards than asset-transformers and therby reduce their volume of lending.     

关系型信贷与中小企业融资绩效

融资和融资绩效,是决定众多中小企业命运的关键。中小企业为我国社会经济发展做出了重大贡献,但其获得的融资却与做出的贡献不成正比。在目前以银行为主导的金融体系架构中,中小企业融资主要以银行信贷为主,因此,银行信贷的可得性、数量及获得贷款的成本在很大程度上影响着中小企业的融资绩效。鉴于目前中小企业管理不规范、财务数据不透明和抵押物不足等现状,关系型信贷技术被认为是改善中小企业融资现状的有效途径。本文通过熵权、因子和多元回归等分析方法,对中小企业融资绩效进行了研究。在此基础上分析了关系型信贷技术对中小企业融资绩效的影响,并提出了相关政策建议,以期促进银企之间相互合作,提高中小企业融资绩效。     

Relationship Lending and Liquidation Under Imperfect Information

Journal of Financial Services Research - Using a model of a competitive credit market, we study a firm’s choice between financing a production project using a transaction loan and a...     

农村信用社贷款利率定价面临的挑战与对策

本文以广西北海市农村信用社为例,将其贷款利率水平与全国金融机构的贷款利率水平进行比较.结论表明,农村信用社与其他金融机构的贷款利率之间是一种负相关关系,两者存在比较稳定的竞争状态.但由于农村信用社贷款利率定价受到内外部因素的制约,面对其他金融机构进入农村信贷市场的竞争,以高利率为支撑的农村信用社难以适应利率完全市场化的...     

民间借贷中介机构惜贷背后的原因分析及相关建议

民间借贷中介机构是一种非正规的金融中介机构,是对正规金融机构的有效补充,一方面满足中小企业和个人的小额信贷需求,另一方面为社会的闲散资金拓宽了投资渠道,在"喊渴"的资金需求者和找不到出路的民间资本之间建立起有效的桥梁.同时,民间借贷中介机构的出现使游离于法律边缘的民间借贷活动有了相对规范的依据和标准,对借贷双方的权利和义务提供了一定的保障,一定程度上使民间融资合法化.但是近期,民间借贷中介机构经营中主动收缩业务量,惜贷情绪明显,建议从中介机构和小微企业两方面着手,引导其更好发挥民间借贷市场的作用.     

Loan Commitment Contracts,Terms of Lending,and Credit Allocation

This paper analyzes the structure of loan commitment contracts and the interrelationships among their component parameters. Lenders offer borrowers a set of loan “packages,” from which the latter may choose that “package” found to be most appealing. Borrowers may “trade off” changes in any loan parameter in exchange for other adjustments. The borrower, at this time, may “purchase” a larger credit ration for a price. Supporting empirical evidence is presented.     

Relationship and Transaction Lending: New Evidence and Perspectives

In this article, I try to answer three questions: (1) How do relationship lending and transaction lending vary over the cycle? (2) How do economic systems that are more “bank oriented” perform compared to “market-oriented” systems? (3) What are the consequences on relationship banking of the recent structural bank regulation reforms adopted to separate specific investment and commercial banking activities? Building on some recent evidence, the main conclusions are as follows: (1) Relationship banks protect their clients in normal downturns; (2) when recessions coincide with a financial crisis, countries that rely relatively more on bank financing tend to be more severely hit; (3) the effects of structural bank regulation initiatives on relationship banking are uncertain.     

网贷模式的信用风险探析征信视角下 P2P

近年来,我国 P2P 网络贷款作为互联网金融创新模式获得爆发式增长,但同时在信息不对称、征信主体权益保护等方面存在的信用风险问题也日益突出。为促进 P2P 网络贷款等互联网金融的发展,应加强征信管理与服务,将 P2P 网贷平台纳入征信管理范畴,强化 P2P 网贷平台信用管理和平台资金流动监管,加大网贷平台信用信息保护力度。     

关系型借贷对中小企业融资成本的影响——基于广西中小企业调查的实证研究

文章在研究关系型借贷理论的基础上,分析了中小企业的关系型借贷与融资成本之间的关系,通过构建计量经济模型实证研究了合作的银行数量、银企合作时间、企业的人情消费和银企关系的满意度等因素对中小企业融资成本的影响.研究发现：银企关系的满意度和企业销售额与贷款利率呈显著的负相关关系;银企合作时间等其他因素符合假设但并不显著.最后,从企业、银行和政府的角度,提出了降低中小企业融资成本的相关政策建议.     

我国中小企业信贷风险识别因子的有效性分析——基于北京地区中小企业的信贷数据

中小企业在世界多国经济发展中占有举足轻重的地位,逐步成为商业银行主要的信贷对象,巴塞尔资本协议Ⅱ(BaselⅡ)由此对中小企业作出了重要性规定,以提高银行对中小企业客户信贷风险管理的重视。鉴于我国中小企业信贷数据缺失和质量较差的现状,本文以北京地区中小企业信贷数据为基础,利用二项逻辑回归(binary logistic)分析,比较定量数据和定性数据在我国中小企业信用风险识别中的重要性,并探求我国中小企业信用风险判别中较为重要的变量。本文的结论也将对与中国具有相似中小企业信贷现状的发展中国家具有一定程度的借鉴意义。     

Swap Rates and Credit Quality

This article presents a model for valuing claims subject to default by both contracting parties, such as swaps and forwards. With counterparties of different default risk, the promised cash flows of a swap are discounted by a switching discount rate that, at any given state and time, is equal to the discount rate of the counterparty for whom the swap is currently out of the money (that is, a liability). The impact of credit-risk asymmetry and of netting is presented through both theory and numerical examples, which include interest rate and currency swaps.