基于博弈论的省际水事纠纷预防机制研究

省际水事纠纷具有易发生、难调解的特点,以预防为主的纠纷协调方式能减少事后调解的危害和难度.尽管省际水事纠纷表现形式各异,但其本质是参与人之间利益关系的博弈过程.运用博弈理论提出了省际水事纠纷的演化发展分析框架,并结合鄂豫丹江荆紫关水事纠纷案例,具体分析中央与地方在修建水利工程避免水事纠纷方面的博弈演化过程.最后从信息收...     

Water Costs Allocation in Complex Systems Using a Cooperative Game Theory Approach

The management of complex water resource systems that address water service recovery costs and consider adequate contributions and priorities require methods that integrate technical, economic, environmental, social and legal aspects into a comprehensive framework. In Europe, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC recommends that the pricing politics in a river basin take into account the cost recovery and the economic sustainability of the water use. However, the current cost allocation methods do not consider the user’s willingness to pay and often do not permit a total cost recovery. Thus, a new approach is required that includes these requirements when defining water rates. This article presents a methodology to allocate water service costs in a water resource system among different users that attempts to fulfil the WFD requirements. The methodology is based on Cooperative Game Theory (CGT) techniques and on the definition of the related characteristic function using a mathematical optimisation approach. The CGT provides the instruments that are necessary to analyse situations that require a cost-sharing rule. The CGT approach can define efficient and fair solutions that provide the appropriate incentives among the parties involved. Therefore, the water system cost allocation has been valued as a game in which it is necessary to determine the right payoff for each player that is, in this case, a water user. To apply the CGT principles in a water resources system, the characteristic function needs to be defined and evaluated using an adequate modelling approach; in this study, it is evaluated using the optimisation model WARGI. (Sechi and Zuddas 2000). The so-called “core” represents the game-solution set. It represents the area of the admissible cost allocation values from which the boundaries on the cost values for each player can be supplied. Within the core lie all of the allocations that satisfy the principles of equity, fairness, justice, efficiency and that guarantee cost recovery. The core of a cooperative game can represent a useful instrument to define the water cost rates. Furthermore, it can be used as a valid support in water resource management to achieve the economic analysis required by the WFD. The methodology was applied to a multi-reservoir and multi-demand water system in Sardinia, Italy.     

水资源优化配置的冲突问题博弈分析

力求通过建立完全信息动态博弈模型求解水资源冲突分析问题．博弈模型主要针对一条河流上、下游为了分享水资源，从各自要求出发，提出的解决方案与流域管理机构进行协调之间的用水冲突问题，力求通过流域管理机构的水资源费率和宏观调控的水权交易价格，求解水资源可持续发展情况下的市场均衡模型．以此达到有水资源费率和水权交易两种调控手段的情况下各决策者追求自身利益的结果．     

Computer Support for Implementation of a Systemic Approach to Water Conflict Resolution

Abstract

Water is an important factor in conflicts among stakeholders at the local, regional, and even international level. Water conflicts have taken many forms, but they almost always arise from the fact that the freshwater resources of the world are not partitioned to match the political borders, nor are they evenly distributed in space and time. Two or more countries share the watersheds of 261 major rivers and nearly half of the land area of the world is in international river basins. Water has been used as a military and political goal. Water has been a weapon of war, and water systems have been targets during the war. A systemic approach has been taken in this research to approach resolution of conflicts over water. By helping stakeholders to explore and resolve the underlying structural causes of conflict our approach offers a significant opportunity for its resolution. We define the five main functional activities for assisting the conflict resolution process as: (i) communication; (ii) problem formulation; (iii) data gathering and information generation; (iv) information sharing; and (v) evaluation of consequences. A computerized technical support is developed in the form of the Conflict Resolution Support System (CRSS) for implementation of a systemic approach to water conflicts. Its principal components include an artificial intelligence-based communication system, a database management system, and a model base management system. At this stage of the development, the model base management system consists of tools for multipurpose reservoir operation, river flow routing, multi-criteria decision-making, spatial data analysis, and other general utilities. A hypothetical river basin with potential conflict between stakeholders with respect to water sharing and flood control is used to demonstrate the utility of the new approach and the computer system developed for its implementation.     

长江流域水量分配方法探讨

近10年来长江流域不同地区频繁出现干旱缺水现象和国家严格的水资源管理制度的推出,使长江流域进行水量分配和用水总量控制越来越迫切.根据长江流域特点和水量分配中存在的问题,探讨水量分配原则、方法和管理途径.分析表明:长江流域水量分配及总量控制的重点是枯水年份和枯水时段,强调水流过程控制、用水总量控制应该结合地区用水效率和水...     

基于均值处理的水库补偿效益博弈论分配法

针对水库补偿效益分配中单指标方法片面性强、综合指标主观性强的问题,提出基于均值处理的博弈论分配法,并以岚河梯级水电站为例进行了发电补偿效益的分配计算。结果表明:岚河梯级水电站中蔺河口、黑湾、新春、花坝等水库的补偿效益分配比例分别为71.48、5.15、9.54、13.83;基于均值处理的博弈论分配法具有客观性强和易于实施的特点,不仅可以解决梯级水库补偿效益分配问题,而且还可以解决工程投资分摊等问题。     

基于混合算子遗传算法的水资源优化配置

构建了以经济效益、社会效益、生态效益为多目标的水资源配置模型,针对模型中存在的多目标多约束优化问题,对基本遗传算法进行改造,设计了一个混合算子遗传算法,并用算例进行验证,最后将水资源优化配置模型和算法应用于东江流域。实例计算结果表明,基于混合算子遗传算法的多目标水资源优化配置模型配置结果合理可行,可作为研究流域水资源配置的决策依据。遗传算法作为新型智能算法,可应用于水资源配置领域。     

A Fair Approach for Multi-Objective Water Resources Allocation

Due to the effect of climate change, rapid population growth and widespread water pollution, fresh water becomes an increasingly scarce natural resource. Optimal allocation of water resources is one of the most effective resolutions to deal with rising water demand and insufficient freshwater resources. This study proposes a fair approach for water resources allocation by employing the Sperner’s lemma to solve the conflicts of different objectives and those of competing regions. A multi-objective optimal allocation model is firstly formulated to generate the Pareto frontier surface, which maximizes the economic interest while minimizing the amount of organic pollutants. Subsequently, the approach searches for acceptable allocation schemes over the Pareto frontier surfaces through the total water quantity and envy-free constraints. The proposed model is applied to the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang river basin in China. Results indicate that water allocation between multi-region can achieve Nash equilibrium by using the water conflict resolution method to select fair water allocation schemes, in which each region obtains its preferred water quantity. The proposed approach is proved effective for water resources management in the case study and demonstrates the potential for effective application in other basins.

     

Optimal Reservoir Operation Using Bat and Particle Swarm Algorithm and Game Theory Based on Optimal Water Allocation among Consumers

Water Resources Management - Water resources scarcity and competition among stakeholders in water allocation always highlights the optimal operation of water resources. This research examines the...     

黄河流域水资源量分配思路探讨

根据黄河流域水资源调查评价成果,分别给出了黄河流域分区水资源量、断面水资源量成果,与现行黄河水量分配方案对比,发现现行水量分配方案存在所依据的黄河径流量偏多、没有考虑地下水量等不足,因此合理的黄河水资源分配应为水资源总量分配,应当同时考虑地表水和与地下水的水量分配,两者共同构成沿黄各省(区)的可消耗黄河水量。     

基于协同学原理的水资源配置综合评价

为合理评价多种水资源配置方案的优劣,根据协同学原理中的序参量和有序度概念,对经济子系统、社会子系统、生态环境子系统各设置了一正一负的序参量指标,给出了阈值范围和有序度、协调度的计算公式,构建了基于协同学原理的协调度评价模型,并应用于东江流域水资源优化配置方案集的评价和筛选,丰富了水资源配置综合评价方法。     

城市用户群节水博弈

 博弈论日趋完善,在各个领域的应用越来越广,将博弈论应用于城市用户群节水策略的制定。对城市水价和城市用户群“精神收益”进行博弈分析,结果表明,政府提高水价,只有一部分用水户会采取节水策略,如果同时采取提高水价和提高“精神收益”策略,那么,“理性的”用水户都会采取节水策略,从而实现城市用户群节水的目标。     

International Water Conflict Resolution: Lessons from Comparative Analysis

This paper offers lessons learned for the process of resolving international freshwater conflicts from the combined experience of treaty negotiations, process case studies, and a series of forums on international waters. The first section describes the current state of international water institutions and law, and discusses weaknesses in each structure. The second section describes recent attempts at the resolution of international water disputes as exemplified in 140 transboundary water treaties and 14 process case studies collected on the University of Alabama Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database, and at the three Forums of the International Water Resources Association (IWRA) Committee on International Waters. Lessons learned are then described in the third section for the three stages of negotiation. During the prenegotiation stage, lessons are to be found for involvement in advance of conflict, and indicators suggested both for possible water conflict and for the type and intensity of a pending dispute. During the negotiation stage, common obstacles to successful negotiations are suggested and the lessons of introducing multi-resource linkages to encourage positive sum solutions are offered. For the implementation stage, often ignored parameters are described-physical, economic and political-as are aspects unique to water resources that can encourage cooperation.     

A Framework for Conflict Resolution

This article presents a comprehensive model on conflict resolution that can be used for both solving actual water management conflicts and for guiding further research. The model is based on a literature study and integrates the several approaches found to help overcome the limitations of the individual approaches. The model consists of four parts. First, three possible sources of conflicts are inventoried and their interrelations are discussed. Second, the “basic mechanisms” for addressing the individual sources of conflict are presented. The third part consists of a short overview of the different conflict resolution methods and procedures that can be applied to make these mechanisms operational in practice. The fourth part of the model is a discussion of the contextual factors influencing conflicts and conflict resolution, with special emphasis on cultural factors. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for the conflict resolution practice and for research.     

基于协同学原理的流域水资源合理配置模型和方法研究

水资源的有限性和稀缺性导致水资源配置过程中经济、社会和生态环境目标相互冲突。本文在识别水资源配置系统协同特征基础上，根据协同学理论中有序度概念和支配原理，分别在水资源配置社会、经济和生态环境子系统中设置序参量，并结合信息熵原理，构建了一种基于协同学原理的流域水资源配置模型，部分程度上有效解决了水资源合理配置系统中多目标、多维数求解问题。将此理论运用于我国南方丰水地区－东江流域水资源合理配置，得出了满意结果。     

Optimal Allocation of Agricultural Water Resources Based on Virtual Water Subdivision in Shiyang River Basin

Without subdividing into blue and green virtual water, the virtual crop water is currently used in the allocation of water resources based on virtual water strategy. In order to improve agricultural water use efficiency and the proportion of green water utilization, a multi-objective optimal allocation model for agricultural water resources is developed in this study. The model is based on the subdivision of virtual water into blue and green virtual water, subject to three objectives of the maximum net benefit from agriculture, the minimum fairness difference in the utilization of water, and the maximum proportion of green water utilization. Taking Shiyang River basin as an example, agricultural water resources are optimized through regional virtual water trade in the basin. Results show that compared with the situation in the year 2007, the net benefit of agriculture, the fairness difference in the utilization of water, and the proportion of green water utilization are optimized. At the same time, the planting ratio of food crops, such as corn, reduces, while the planting ratio of cash crops, such as cotton, vegetables, and fruits, increases. Through regional virtual water strategy in the basin, with the crops of different districts having comparative advantages, the proportion of green water utilization and the blue water use efficiency are improved. The study provides a scientific basis to solve the water shortage problem in the basin.     

IB-ICCMSP: An Integrated Irrigation Water Optimal Allocation and Planning Model Based on Inventory Theory under Uncertainty

In this study, an inventory-theory-based inexact chance-constrained multi-stage stochastic programming (IB-ICCMSP) model under multi-uncertainties is developed. IB-ICCMSP integrates inventory theory into an inexact chance-constrained multi-stage stochastic optimization framework. This method can not only effectively address system multiple uncertainties (e.g. discrete intervals and probability density functions) and dynamic features, but also provide water transferring and allocating schemes among multiple stages. The developed model is applied to irrigation water allocation optimization system in Zhangye City, Gansu province, China. Based on the runoff simulation prediction of Yingluo Gorge and water supply–demand balance analysis of the 12 irrigation areas in Zhangye City, different optimal irrigation water measures are generated under different flow levels and different probabilities in the planning year. The obtained results are valuable for supporting the adjustment of the existing irrigation patterns and identifying desired water-allocation plans for irrigation under multi-uncertainties.     

基于水权初始配置的区域利益博弈与优化模型

明晰水权初始配置是协调流域内各区域之间水资源综合效益的重要途径。针对流域水权初始配置过程,首先,结合流域内各区域的社会经济发展目标,构建水权初始配置指标体系,采用理想解法,获得水权初始配置初步方案,确定各区域的水权配置量初始值;其次,结合流域内各区域的利益诉求,基于动态博弈理论,分析各区域之间的动态博弈机理,构建动态博弈模型和利益补偿函数,实现水权增加利益主体对水权减少利益主体的利益补偿;然后,确定各区域的水权配置量优化值和流域内各区域水资源综合效益的优化值,并获得水权初始配置优化方案;最后,通过案例分析验证了利益博弈与优化模型在水权初始配置过程中具有较好的适用性。研究表明,水权初始配置本质上是对流域内各区域之间进行利益博弈的过程,通过水权增加利益主体对水权减少利益主体进行利益补偿,可进一步优化各区域的利益和流域水资源综合效益。     

汉江流域水资源配置模拟模型研究

将已有的水资源配置模拟模型应用于南水北调中线水源区-汉江流域的水资源配置。将汉江流域水资源系统概化形成网络节点图;根据汉江流域的实际情况,拟定重要水库的供水调度规则;模拟计算流域水资源供需的各个方面,并简要分析南水北调中线取水对丹江口下游的水资源配置的影响,试图为汉江流域水资源的合理高效利用提供一种分析技术手段。     

多层次半结构性多目标模糊优选理论在赣江流域水量分配中的应用

随着人口的增长和经济的发展,生活和生产需水日渐增多,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,而用水效率低、用水浪费现象也没有得到有效的控制.我国水资源当前所面临的严峻形势要求我们必须对水资源进行公平而合理的分配,提高水资源的利用效率,缓解供需矛盾.首先构建了多层次半结构性多目标模糊优选模型,并以赣江为例,用该模型对其水资源在各用水区域...