房价变动、土地财政与中国经济波动

本文基于中国土地制度的特点,以及地方政府依赖土地财政的事实,构建了一个包含金融加速器效应的多部门DSGE模型,模型包括房地产和非房地产部门,同时嵌入了地方政府的土地出让行为和支出结构。通过这一模型本文分析了房价影响GDP的作用渠道和机制。我们发现,外部冲击带来的房价变动,导致了房地产部门投资和土地价格的波动,而土地价格的波动对地方政府财政收入产生了较大的影响。考虑到中国地方政府在基础设施上的支出偏向,地方财政收入的变化又会对投资和资产价格产生冲击,在金融加速器效应的作用下,这一冲击进一步放大,最终导致了总投资和GDP的剧烈波动。本文研究表明,地方政府的土地出让行为联结了房价变动与地方政府的收入,而地方政府在基础设施投资上的偏向和金融加速器效应放大了房价对投资和整个经济的影响,三者共同作用使得房地产部门成为中国经济波动的重要来源。     

论财政宏观调控力度

不同的经济运行机制决定着不同的财政宏观调控的力度标准，于是将影响财政宏观调控力度函数的因素分为一阶、二阶两个层次，文章在分析各因素及其组合的作用、现状的基础上，提出了我国财政宏观调控的总量和结构两个模式。     

经济新常态下中国价格宏观调控探析

进入经济新常态以来,我国的价格变动有了新的特征,价格调控的模式也发生了重要改变。价格调控的目标从"点调控"转变到"区间调控",价格调控的方式从"全面调控"转移到"结构性调控",价格调控的着眼点从"需求方调控"过渡到了"供给方调控",物价调控的手段也从"直接"手段转换到了"间接"手段。这些变化是由我国的市场起决定性作用和技术进步方式的转变、二元经济结构特征、生产要素价格普遍上涨等宏观背景所决定的。在经济新常态下,我国价格调控需要兼顾长期和短期目标,需求管理和供给管理,创新财政政策和货币政策的结构性手段,并设定具有一定弹性的价格目标区间。     

经济新常态下的财政审计

财政审计是国家审计的永恒主题,财政工作对保障国家治理现代化的重要性,决定了财政审计在政府审计工作中的基础地位。目前,审计机关开展的财政审计工作主要围绕维护财政安全,规范财政管理,促进深化财政体制改革,提高财政资金使用效益等方面。2014年,党中央作出我国经济发展进入新常态的科学判断和战略选择。在经济发展的新常态下,财政审计工作面临着新的课题与任务。本文旨在从确定目标,突出重点内容,创新审计方法方面,探索如何更好开展财政审计工作。     

地方政府竞争行为、土地财政与经济波动

本文构建包含中央政府和地方政府的两地区多部门波动模型,分析了地方政府竞争机制在房产需求冲击传导和溢出中扮演的角色。研究表明：单个地区的房产需求冲击首先通过房地产部门传导至该地区财政收入,导致当地公共支出波动。在两级政府存在信息不对称的情况下,地方政府有动机开展对公共支出和人力资本的竞争,因此,另一地区的公共支出也会同向波动,产出、消费等宏观经济变量同步受到影响,冲击带来的影响随之溢出。脉冲响应结果显示：地区间竞争的机制将可以传导和放大整体经济波动。更换居民效用函数形式、在非房地产部门引入工业用地作为生产要素等稳健性检验均不会改变结论。此外,基于现实情况,本文还在模型中引入了劳动力供给时长的内生决策、劳动力的行业间配置、央地税收分成等拓展机制,阐释了拓展机制对模型结果的影响。这一研究将为地区间竞争机制如何影响中国经济波动提供新的视角,也为推动经济的长期稳定发展提供有益的理论参考。     

土地制度冲击、土地财政弱化与地方经济波动

国内部分学者基于土地财政的含义,认为土地财政出现的制度根源之一固然是我国的土地制度.基于此,欲破解我国目前土地财政困境,必先从变革土地制度开始.而土地制度变革的影响集中体现在土地制度冲击方面,土地制度的冲击通过弱化土地财政影响,进而引起地方经济的波动.试图构建代表性家庭、代表性企业及政府3个部门的新凯恩斯主义动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,将土地制度冲击纳入其中.在此基础上讨论不同土地流转冲击下的经济产出、代表性家庭的消费、政府投资及政府债务等变量的变化,以揭示土地流转对于土地财政治理的影响.     

土地财政与中国经济波动

本文通过对我国2008—2016年的数据整理发现,经济上升时,住宅用地价格与基础设施投资同步上升,但地方政府对企业的征税却反向变化,即存在地方税收政策的反周期现象;同时我们还发现,住宅用地价格在大小和波动上均显著大于工业用地价格。根据发现的特征事实,我们构建了一个反映中国地方政府土地财政行为的DSGE模型。在本模型中,地方政府区分了住宅用地和工业用地、用税收收入和卖地收入为基础设施建设融资,并求解Ramsey最优财政问题。我们通过对模型的贝叶斯估计,从理论和数量上剖析了土地财政动态加速器机制,并发现这一机制能够很好地解释中国经济波动的特征事实。     

新一轮经济周期的背景特点

20 0 3年内 ,关于我国经济增长是否过热的争论一直热烈地进行着。本文指出 ,产生这一争论的主要原因在于 ,我国经济运行的条件已经发生了一系列深刻的变化 ,而这些变化对于经济周期波动的含义 ,各方看法不一。由此出发 ,本文分析了我国新一轮经济周期的背景条件所具有的四大特点 ,以便于更好地把握经济形势、加强和改善宏观调控     

The impact of the European Union fiscal rules on economic growth

This paper analyses whether Maastricht and Stability and Growth Pact fiscal rules have affected growth in the European Union negatively. A growth equation is specified for a group of 15 European Union countries (and 8 OECD countries) over the period 1970-2005 to analyse this issue. Panel estimations using fixed-effects, pooled mean group and system-GMM estimators show that the institutional changes that occurred in the European Union after 1992 were not harmful to growth. Moreover, results show that growth is slightly higher in the period in which the fulfilment of the 3% criteria for the deficit started to be officially assessed, i.e. after 1997.     

Government size, composition, volatility and economic growth

This paper analyses the effects in terms of size and volatility of government revenue and spending on growth in OECD and EU countries. The results of the paper suggest that both variables are detrimental to growth. In particular, looking more closely at the effect of each component of government revenue and spending, the results point out that i) indirect taxes (size and volatility); ii) social contributions (size and volatility); iii) government consumption (size and volatility); iv) subsidies (size); and v) government investment (volatility) have a sizeable, negative and statistically significant effect on growth.     

世界经济非周期性波动影响因素分析

本文对世界经济非周期性波动的影响因素进行了专门分析,总结了"世界经济非周期性波动影响因素"作用的特征,结合世界经济非周期性波动的实例,概括了影响当前和未来世界经济运行的主要非周期性因素,对"世界经济非周期性波动影响因素"对世界经济运行的影响进行了计量分析,并对当前由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机这一非周期性因素与世界经济周期的关系进行了探讨.     

Federal transfers, environmental policy and economic growth

We study the effects of commonly used cross-country transfer programs on uncoordinated national environmental policies, economic growth and natural resources in a federal economy. Natural resources are a federation-wide public good. In each member country, production degrades the environment, but clean-up policy can improve it. Clean-up policy is financed by taxes on polluting firms’ output and cross-country redistributive transfers. We solve for a symmetric Nash equilibrium among national governments. Transfer policies that lead to higher pollution taxes make existence harder, and are harmful not only to growth but also to the environment. The best way to improve environmental quality is to implement a taxation system that stimulates growth and broadens tax bases to finance national clean-up policies.     

The pace of fiscal consolidations,fiscal sustainability,and welfare: An overlapping generations approach

This study investigates expenditure- and tax-based consolidations under the rule of reductions in debt-to-GDP ratios to the target level and the effects of these consolidations on fiscal sustainability and welfare, using an overlapping generations model with exogenous growth settings. We derive (i) a threshold (ceiling) of public debt to ensure fiscal sustainability, (ii) sustainable paces of these consolidations, and (iii) the optimal pace of consolidations under both expenditure- and tax-based consolidations, examining whether these consolidations are effective in the sense that they are sustainable, increase welfare, and induce fairness of welfare distribution across generations (lower intergenerational conflicts over welfare). We find that the pace of tax-based consolidation required to ensure fiscal sustainability is higher than that required for expenditure-based consolidation. As for welfare, countries may differ in their choice of the type of consolidation, which depends on the size of outstanding debts relative to capital, the economy’s productivity, tax rate levels, and the extent of utility derived by individuals from public goods and services. More importantly, it may also depend on whether policymakers emphasize social welfare or fairness of welfare distribution between generations. By contrast, a common result from the viewpoints of both social welfare and fair distribution of welfare across generations is that fiscal consolidation cannot persist much longer than 30 years (one period in the model). This result will support the pace of consolidation in the EU: the Stability and Growth Pact.     

Tax-spending policies and economic growth: Theoretical predictions and evidence from the OECD

We present an endogenous growth model to study the growth effects of the composition of government expenditure and the associated tax burden. When we use data from a set of 23 OECD countries during 1970–2000, our econometric results support the predictions of the theory. The share of productive government expenditure is associated with higher growth, and this result is more robust when we use effective average tax rates and statutory tax rates as measures of the tax burden. With respect to the tax burden, different tax rates have different growth effects.     

保险波动与经济波动:顺周期抑或逆周期

本文是对保险周期与经济周期关系的研究的拓展延伸。本文将保险波动关系解构为保险数量波动和保险质量波动,构建保险数量波动模型和保险质量波动模型,研究保险波动和宏观经济波动的相依关系。研究结果表明,保险数量和GDP是顺周期波动的;在经济子系统中,保险数量与消费、外贸子系统顺周期波动,而与投资周期无显著联系。保险质量与GDP、投资、消费、贸易、CPI、股市均无显著的规律波动关系,但保险质量和市场利率显著反向波动。保险质量和保险数量之间具有稳定的逆向波动关系。基于以上发现,笔者认为,无论保险公司还是监管机构,都应该更加关注保险波动的经济规律,注重保险质量提升,在保险周期间采用相应的措施维持保险产业的相对平稳。     

How elections affect fiscal policy and growth: revisiting the mechanism

This paper reconsiders the popular result that the lower is the probability of reelection, the greater is the incentive of incumbent politicians to choose short-sighted, inefficient policies. The set-up is a general equilibrium model of economic growth, in which fiscal policy is endogenously chosen under electoral uncertainty. Political parties can value possible economic benefits differently depending on whether they are in or out of power, and—by contrast with the literature—the relevant preference coefficient is a choice variable rather than an exogenous taste parameter. The main result is that, when political parties choose both economic policy instruments and preference coefficients, the fundamental reason for short-sighted policy is the extra rents from being in power per se.     

The fiscal sociology of Gino Borgatta: Pareto, extra-economic redistribution and economic growth

The purpose of this study is to establish the extent to whichBorgatta's early fiscal sociology is consistent with, and differentfrom, Vilfredo Pareto's critical views on fiscal theory. Particularemphasis is given to the treatment of the relationship between‘extra-economic’ redistribution, achieved throughfiscal measures, and economic growth. Since evidence of Pareto'sinfluence is much weaker in Borgatta's more mature studies,the ‘definitive’ Paretian fiscal sociology thatemerged in his early ‘Lo Studio Scientifico dei FenomeniFinanziari’ is investigated for possible indications ofwhy Borgatta did not subsequently develop fiscal studies furtheralong Paretian lines.