实体企业金融化对其OFDI的影响研究

文章基于中国上市公司数据以及Zephyr和fDi Markets数据,考察了实体企业金融化对其OFDI的影响。研究发现,实体企业金融化水平的提高会显著增加其对外直接投资的概率和规模,且这种影响会因企业所有权性质、金融资产种类和经济周期的不同而存在显著差异,金融化水平的提高也使企业更倾向于选择跨国并购模式。实体企业金融化通过缓解杠杆压力、补充现金流和降低融资约束,有效促进了企业对外直接投资,并降低了OFDI的非效率水平。金融化与OFDI的交互作用会显著提高企业的创新能力与生产效率,并在过度金融化的企业中效应更强。在目前企业“走出去”加快和金融化程度日益加深的双重背景下,中国应积极引导企业根据自身条件和资产配置情况合理选择对外直接投资,理性配置金融资产,并为企业提供多层次资本市场体系和金融支持。     

对外直接投资与母国产业结构升级之间的关系研究——基于1990～2014年OECD国家的样本数据考察

文章运用1990~2014年OECD34个国家的对外直接投资数据考察对外直接投资与产业结构升级之间的关系,研究结果表明,对外直接投资的增长有利于国内产业结构升级,对外直接投资增加1%,国内产业水平层次将上升0.02%。对外开放度、金融发展水平、技术发展水平、人力资本、外商直接投资都是促进国内产业结构升级的积极因素。最后加入金融与对外直接投资、技术与对外直接投资的交互项进行实证检验,结果表明金融与对外直接投资、技术与对外直接投资的交互项都是促进国内产业结构升级的积极因素。     

金融抑制与发展中国家对外直接投资

发展中国家的对外直接投资依然是传统对外直接投资理论的挑战之一。发展中国家的对外直接投资,至少在一定程度上是经济结构扭曲和经济失衡的结果。金融抑制,尤其是发展中国家抑制性的金融政策,扭曲了资金成本和资金分配,造成经济结构失衡,导致经常账户顺差。由于发展中国家技术水平相对落后以及国内金融体系欠发达,拥有净储蓄的企业在国内直接投资或者金融投资机会较少。国内企业通过对外直接投资,可以获得适宜的技术或者廉价的生产要素以促进国内生产,提高国内生产效率和整体投资回报率。特别的,在金融抑制政策中,对金融市场的限制、信贷约束以及利率管制是导致对外直接投资的重要因素。     

中国国际投资头寸结构特点及变化趋势

我国国际投资头寸结构存在着严重的问题,该问题主要表现为对外资产收益与对外负债成本不对等以及对外资产负债结构的明显失衡。通过对中、日、德三个国家的国际投资头寸进行比较分析,文章认为中国国际投资头寸的结构未来会出现以下几个方面的变化:第一,储备投资占对外资产的比重将会下降;第二,对外直接投资占对外资产的比重将会上升;第三,证券投资占对外资产和负债的比重都将有所上升;第四,外商直接投资占对外负债的比重将会下降。     

中国TSFDI逆向技术溢出对国内技术水平提升影响程度研究——基于溢出机制和影响因素的视角

技术获取型对外直接投资(TSFDI)是一国利用技术外溢效应来实现本国技术进步的有效路径,在推进我国现阶段经济转型和结构调整方面扮演着重要角色。为此文章以1985~2015年技术获取型对外直接投资数据甄别为基础研究了我国技术获取型对外直接投资逆向技术溢出的影响程度、作用机制和影响因素。结果显示,我国技术获取型对外直接投资会产生显著的逆向技术溢出效应,即技术获取型对外直接投资每增加1%将引致国内全要素生产率增长0.0086%,效应程度不及国内研发和进口贸易;此外,逆向技术溢出效应还受到人力资本水平和技术差距等因素影响。     

不同类型资本账户开放的效应:实际汇率和经济增长波动

本研究分析FDI和非FDI资本账户开放对实际汇率和经济增长波动的影响。资本账户无论是完全开放,还是部分开放,都会带来国内经济增长的不稳定。本文特别指出,虽然FDI不会引起实际汇率的波动,但会引起国内经济增长的不稳定。另外,研究发现非FDI的开放同FDI有同样的效果,但其引起的不稳定程度要明显小于FDI开放。本文的计量检验结果完全支持理论模型的预见。     

我国企业FDI的区位选择分析

随着世界经济一体化趋势的加强,我国许多企业纷纷走出国门,开展对外直接投资活动。本文从分析我国企业FDI区域分布的现状出发,将国际直接投资的区位理论与我国企业对外直接投资的现实特点相结合,对我国企业的FDI区位选择作出策略性建议。     

我国矿产企业FDI行为研究:理论前沿与趋势展望

对外直接投资即FDI,是一国的投资者(自然人或法人)跨国境投入资本或其他生产要素,以获取或控制相应的企业经营管理权为核心,以获得利润或稀缺生产要素为目的的投资活动。各国学者对我国企业对外直接投资的研究主要集中在探讨我国企业对外直接投资的重要性、动机和对传统对外直接投资理论的影响;国内学术界从我国企业对外直接投资动机、竞争优势、区位选择、风险控制、与影响因素等方面对我国企业对外直接投资的活动进行了系统研究,同时在我国企业对外直接投资理论方面的研究也取得了可喜的进展。     

服务技术前沿化与对外直接投资:基于服务企业的研究

本文通过构建包含服务企业特征和投资方式选择的理论模型,厘清技术前沿化对企业对外直接投资的影响机制。使用中国上市公司数据,从对外直接投资金额、方式、详细类别等方面刻画服务企业对外直接投资行为,计算服务企业技术与前沿水平的差距以度量服务企业技术前沿化程度。研究发现,服务企业技术前沿化提高了对外直接投资水平,并且对绿地投资的作用更明显;提升信息沟通能力是服务企业技术前沿化影响对外直接投资的途径;技术发挥程度在技术前沿化促进服务企业对外直接投资的过程中产生影响。     

要素禀赋、对外直接投资与出口贸易:理论模型及实证

"一带一路"背景下中国对外直接投资与出口贸易呈融合发展态势。文章从理论上构建了要素禀赋差异下对外直接投资与出口贸易关系的理论模型,并以中国为例实证研究了要素禀赋差异下中国对外直接投资的出口效应。结果表明:总体上来看,中国对外直接投资对出口有显著的正向影响;中国的资本和高技能劳动要素数量增加时,企业将扩大对外直接投资而减少出口,而低技能劳动要素丰裕时,企业将选择减少对外直接投资而增加出口;经济发展水平差异较大时,中国企业更趋向于选择垂直型对外直接投资,反之,则倾向水平型对外直接投资;随着相对要素禀赋差异的扩大,中国对外直接投资对当期的出口创造效应较弱,甚至会起到抑制作用,但对滞后一期的出口创造效应较强。     

Financial constraints and foreign direct investment: firm-level evidence

Low productivity is an important barrier to the cross-border expansion of firms. But firms may also need external finance to shoulder the costs of entering foreign markets. We develop a model of multinational firms facing real and financial barriers to foreign direct investment (FDI), and we analyze their impact on the FDI decision. Theoretically, we show that financial constraints can affect highly productive firms more than firms with low productivity because the former are more likely to expand abroad. We provide empirical evidence based on a detailed dataset of German domestic and multinational firms which contains information on parent-level financial constraints as well as on the location the foreign affiliates. We find that financial factors constrain firms’ foreign investment decisions, an effect felt in particular by firms most likely to consider investing abroad. The locational information in our dataset allows exploiting cross-country differences in contract enforcement. Consistent with theory, we find that poor contract enforcement in the host country has a negative impact on FDI decisions.     

Capital or knowhow: The role of foreign multinationals in Sino-foreign joint ventures

China's success in attracting foreign direct investment has been cast in doubt as mainly a transfer of capital, not knowhow, because its financial system is incapable of allocating domestic savings and hard-earned foreign reserves to domestic enterprises. To shed light on this debate, we examine the determinants of equity sharing in Sino-foreign joint ventures with the premise that the roles of foreign direct investment (in transferring capital or knowhow) should be reflected in equity sharing between multinational firms and local firms. Our empirical analysis offers strong evidence for foreign direct investment as a transfer of knowhow, but limited support for foreign direct investment as a transfer of capital, which points to the need for further reform in China's financial system.     

Foreign direct investment by Japanese firms and corporate governance: in relation to the monetary policies of China, Korea and Japan

Reflecting upon the lessons from the Asian currency crises, more attention is being paid to the importance of consolidation for the domestic financial and capital markets, as well as international cooperation to avoid disturbing factors from abroad, such as massive inflows of speculative capital. The aim of financial reforms being executed in the East Asian countries, such as Japan, Korea, and China, is to improve the managerial efficiency of the business corporations and financial institutions.Recently, foreign direct investment by Japanese firms in the rest of the East Asia has been recovering. However, the existence of a financial system to realize optimal corporate governance is indispensable for the enhancement of direct investment. Namely, it is necessary to improve corporate profitability, and to distribute the increment of such profits between the host and the investor countries, in order to boost the welfare of the respective citizens, notwithstanding the type of foreign direct investment.     

Promoting of Investment in Africa*

Abstract: This paper examines the trend, constraints, promotion, and prospects of investment – domestic investment, foreign direct investment, and private portfolio investment – in Africa. After identifying the importance of investment in Africa's economic development, it was shown that all forms of investment are low in Africa and hence inadequate for the attainment of the MDGs and poverty reduction in the continent. The constraining factors include: low resources mobilization; high degree of uncertainty; poor governance, corruption, and low human capital development; unfavorable regulatory environment and poor infrastructure, small individual country sizes; high dependence on primary commodities exports and increased competition; poor image abroad; shortage of foreign exchange and the burden of huge domestic and external debt; and undeveloped capital markets, their high volatility, and home bias by foreign investors. The paper recommends that successful promotion of both domestic, foreign direct and portfolio investment in Africa will require actions and measures at the national, regional, and international levels. It concludes that the prospects are bright. New and attractive investment opportunities are emerging in infrastructure, particularly as most African countries now encourage public/private partnerships for investments in this sector. In addition to privatization, renewed interest within Africa in undertaking regionally based projects and joint exploitation of natural resources is creating other investment opportunities. Apart from the fact that investment in Africa yields the highest returns, investment risk in the continent is declining. In addition, much progress has been made in recent years to improve the investment climate in Africa. All this is of course is not to deny that obstacles do remain hence economic reforms to enhance domestic investment would need to be complemented by measures to attract increased foreign capital. Critical in such endeavors must be efforts to improve governance in some countries as well as to eliminate socio‐political violence in others and development of domestic capital markets, while government institutions must be modernized and upgraded.     

Obstacles in attracting increased portfolio investment into southern Africa

Measured in terms of foreign participation in its domestic financial markets, the major part of southern Africa has to date been largely isolated from international financial markets and the process of financial globalisation. With the exception of South Africa and, to a lesser extent, Mauritius, the region receives negligible amounts of foreign portfolio investment. For the majority of countries, the main types of foreign capital inflows consist of development assistance and foreign direct investment. Foreign portfolio investment, which has hitherto remained largely untapped, may become important in future, especially in view of the dwindling international development assistance to the region. However, portfolio investment is volatile and can be relatively easily withdrawn, posing some financial risk to an economy that has to be managed. This article identifies and assesses possible obstacles to foreign portfolio investment in the region, which could be addressed over time in order to improve the region's competitiveness for foreign investment.     

金融市场、FDI与全要素生产率增长

本文主要研究金融市场对外商直接投资的影响及其作用渠道。本文运用我国28个省、市、自治区的面板数据进行实证分析,研究结果表明,当前我国金融市场发展不平衡,金融市场影响FDI促进经济增长以及其作用渠道在我国东、中、西部各有不同。在完善的金融市场支撑下,FDI外溢效应得以释放,FDI通过提高TFP推动经济增长;在金融市场发展落后的地区,物质资本的积累依然是经济增长受益于FDI的主要渠道。     

可持续发展阶段政府指导外商直接投资作用浅析

在可持续发展阶段，不同于以往的控制、主导作用，政府相机发挥作用的功能应以政府指导的形式表现出来。在吸引外商直接投资领域，政府指导作用的有效性表现在：用优惠政策的整体布局形成外商投资动力、保证国内企业得到有利的技术外溢条件、创造国内企业规模扩大和提高竞争力的条件。政府应通过激励和约束，指导外商直接投资实现整体协调、投资方向高度化、现代化、投资形式多样化的政策目标。     

Surges and stops in greenfield and M&A FDI flows to developing countries: analysis by mode of entry

This paper investigates the factors associated with foreign direct investment “surges” and “stops”, defined as sharp increases and decreases, respectively, of foreign direct investment inflows to the developing world and differentiated based on whether these events are led by waves in greenfield investments or mergers and acquisitions. Greenfield-led surges and stops occur more frequently than mergers-and-acquisitions-led ones and different factors are associated with the onset of the two types of events. Global liquidity is the factor significantly and positively associated with a surge, regardless of its kind, while a global economic growth slowdown and a surge in the preceding year are the main factors associated with a stop. Greenfield-led surges and stops are more likely in low-income countries and mergers-and-acquisitions-led surges are less likely in resource-rich countries than elsewhere in the developing world. Global growth accelerations and increases in financial openness, domestic economic and financial instability are associated with mergers-and-acquisitions-led surges but not with greenfield-led ones. These results are particularly relevant for developing countries where FDI flows are the major type of capital flows and suggest that developing countries’ macroeconomic vulnerability increases following periods of increased global liquidity. As countries develop they typically become more exposed to merger-and-acquisition-led surges, which are more likely than greenfield-led surges and stops to be short-lived and associated with domestic macroeconomic policies.     

图景动态博弈分析法在中外资银行网上人民币业务竞争战略选择中的应用

将图景分析思维模式和动态博弈模型理论结合分析竞争双方在战略制定过程中的博弈过程和可能性结论的这一方法目前成为国外战略管理领域新兴出现的热点。由于网上银行和人民币业务将成为入世后中外资银行的主要金融营运手段和竞争业务 ,因此本文选取中外资银行入世后网上人民币     

Should I stay or should I go? Foreign direct investment,employment protection and domestic anchorage

This paper examines theoretically and empirically how employment protection legislation affects location decisions of multinationals. We depart from the “conventional wisdom” by examining not only the effect of protection on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), but also a country’s ability to “anchor” potential outward investment. Based on our simple theoretical framework, we estimate an empirical model, using data on bilateral FDI and employment protection indices for OECD countries, and controlling for other labour market institutions and investment costs. We find that, while an “unfavourable” employment protection differential between a domestic and a foreign location is inimical to FDI, a high domestic level of employment protection tends to discourage outward FDI. The results are in line with our conjecture that strict employment protection in the firm’s home country makes firms reluctant to relocate abroad and keeps them “anchored” at home.