生产过程质量控制

生产过程的质量控制是质量环的重要组成部分，是稳定提高产品质量的关键环节，是企业建立质量体系的基础。生产过程中的质量控制是指在生产过程中为确保产品质量而进行的各种活动，尤其以工序过程质量控制更为重要。工序是产品、零部件制造过程的基本环节，是企业质量管理工作在制造现场的综合反映。工序状态的优劣决定了产品质量的好坏，工序质量的稳定涉及到人、机、料、法、环、测等因素，特别是主导因素发生的变化，将直接影响产品质量的稳定和提高。     

浅谈计量管理工作

文章提出了企业要降低成本、减少消耗、提高产品质量就要保证生产和经营中的计量测试方法准确,设备齐全才能有效准确的进行经济核算;才能控制过程产品质量和终端产品质量。计量在企业生产中起着基础性作用。     

建立卷烟生产过程产品质量安全保障长效机制

"质量就是生命",产品质量安全更是卷烟企业在激烈市场竞争中生死存亡的警戒线。本文结合四川烟草工作有限责任公司什邡分厂的具体实际,分析当前卷烟生产过程中存在的质量安全隐患,从思想意识、源头控制、过程管理和质检监测四个方面提出了建立卷烟产品质量安全保障长效机制的具体方法,以期为卷烟生产过程产品质量安全的有效管控提供参考和帮助。     

基于MINITAB的质量管理分析

本文应用MINITAB软件对温州某制造公司轴锻件中平衡轴的质量数据进行了质量控制分析,通过对质量数据的正态性检验、控制图绘制以及过程能力指数的计算等方式,判断出生产过程的质量现状,为企业改进产品质量提供了有效参考。     

创新设计——市场与企业的支撑点

实践证明,满足顾客要求的产品质量主要来自于设计。创新设计是企业质量战略、质量策 划的主攻方向,是市场与企业的支撑点。1 产品质量是设计出来的起初,人们认为“产品质量是检验出来的”,企业只注重检验把关,强调符合标准;后来 ,人们认识到“产品质量是制造出来的”,企业又关注生产过程的质量控制。至今,我们的 质量管理仍以制造过程为重点。现在,人们已开始意识到“产品质量是设计出来的”,设计过程将顾客和其它相关方的需 求转化为规定的特性和产品实现过程的规范,设计决定了产品的适用性。虽然质量检验、生 产过程的质量控…     

利用信息化手段完善质量索赔的积极探索

装备制造企业产品质量是企业生产生存发展的生命线,由于其单件小批的生产性质,质量控制难度大,影响因素多,如何充分利用各种手段提升质量控制水平,提升产品质量是管理实务中的重要课题。大连重工充分利用信息化手段,对供应商质量索赔进行了有益探索,取得了一定的效果。     

论标准监督在产品质量监督中的作用

现代产品质量监督不仅仅是对产品质量的抽查与检验,更是通过对产品生产企业质量监督管理体系的指导提高企业产品质量控制水平的工作。本文就标准监督在产品质量监督中的作用进行了简要论述。     

建立质量管理体系 保证产品质量

产品质量是企业的生命,是企业多种活动的综合反映,在质量形成过程中,影响质量的因素很多,企业建立了质量管理体系,并使之有效运行是保证产品质量的有效途径。所谓质量管理体系是指:在质量方面智慧和控制组织的管理体系。企业围绕着产品质量能满足不断更     

谈质量管理体系标准中的“过程确认”

通过对质量管理体系标准中“生产和服务提供过程的确认”条款的理解、分析,按不同行业举例介绍了“过程确认”的方法、准则和主要内容以及控制方法,以使企业了解并掌握所需确认的过程并予以实施控制,确保产品质量。     

谈质量管理体系标准中的"过程确认"

通过对质量管理体系标准中"生产和服务提供过程的确认"条款的理解、分析,按不同行业举例介绍了"过程确认"的方法、准则和主要内容以及控制方法,以使企业了解并掌握所需确认的过程并予以实施控制,确保产品质量.     

Does Reputation Contribute to Reducing Organizational Errors? A Learning Approach

In this study I examine the effect of a firm's reputation for product quality on its effort in learning to reduce its product defect rate. Theoretical ideas on the motivation of learning associated with social aspiration levels and the self-serving bias combined with social categorization suggest that poor quality reputation firms are more likely than their counterparts with a good reputation to attend to potential product defects and consequently reduce their defect rate. However, a stream of research on the motivation of learning stemming from historical aspiration levels and slack search leads to a different argument: a reputation for good quality is more likely to provide firms with a motivation to avoid product defects. I build upon these two competing arguments and hypothesize that stronger motives for learning exist in situations where firms have either a weak or strong reputation for product quality. My study of product recalls in the US automotive industry highlights an inverted U-shaped relationship, indicating the liability of an intermediate reputation in reducing product defects.     

The pace of intermediate‐product introductions

This paper models frequency of introductions of newer generations of an intermediate‐product sold by an upstream ‘developer’ firm to downstream manufacturer firms. The manufacturers use the intermediate product to manufacture final products, and are heterogeneous in the time it takes them to develop and introduce final products based on the latest generation of the intermediate product. This downstream heterogeneity could arise, for example, from heterogeneity in manufacturers' technical skills or existing patent regimes. Among other results, we show that the optimal frequency of introduction of the intermediate‐product can increase or decrease in the extent of this downstream heterogeneity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quality Diversity and Prices in Markets for Experience Goods

We analyze vertical product differentiation in a model where a good’s quality is unobservable to customers before purchase, a continuum of quality levels is technologically feasible, and minimum quality is supplied by a competitive fringe of firms. After purchase the true quality of the good is revealed. To provide firms with incentives to actually deliver promised quality, prices must exceed unit variable costs. We show that for a large class of customer preferences there is “quality polarization,” that is, only minimum and maximum feasible quality are available in the market. For the case without quality polarization we derive sufficient conditions for the incentive constraints to completely determine equilibrium prices, regardless of demand, for all intermediate quality levels.     

Derivation of regional shadow prices

[Hurter and Moses, 1964] presented a solvable model combining input-output analysis and linear programming to derive regional product ’shadow’ prices. Their measure of prices is incomplete since it includes only regional variation-in transport and resource costs and not the intermediate product costs. The reason for this exclusion is obvious: product prices are needed to obtain intermediate product costs. In this note we extend the Hurter-Moses model to derive a full measure of regional shadow prices.     

Impacts of revenue sharing,profit sharing and transfer pricing on quality-improving investments

We compare revenue sharing with different profit-sharing rules and constant transfer prices in a buyer-seller setting, in which the incompleteness of contracts causes decentralization costs. Our focus is on a situation where a manufacturing department or a supplier of an intermediate product can invest in a quality improvement of the final product and thereby increase customer demand. We analyze the willingness of the supplier to invest under a revenue-sharing rule, three profit-sharing rules and a transfer-pricing scheme. Our analysis shows that the performance of sharing rules is likely to decrease when the sharing basis consists of fewer cost components. Remarkably, this is not true for the revenue-sharing rule. To the contrary, this less prominent scheme can be shown to maximize total profit under a variety of cost combinations.     

贸易自由化与中国企业进口中间品质量升级

进口高质量中间品是发展中国家实现技术追赶的重要途径;贸易自由化会降低进口高质量中间产品的贸易成本和相对价格,促进企业进口中间品质量升级。基于此,本文利用细分关税数据、海关数据和工业企业数据,将加工贸易作为控制组、一般贸易作为处理组,采用倍差法经验分析贸易自由化对中国企业进口中间品质量的影响。结论发现：伴随关税下降,中国企业进口中间品质量整体增长,且一般贸易组增长速度远快于加工贸易组。同加工贸易相比,关税下降1%一般贸易进口中间品质量增长高出0.06%~3.74%。这一作用在持续进口企业中,在基础设施完善、市场化水平高、经济集聚程度高的地区更明显。上述结论通过了同趋势假设、内生性等一系列稳健性检验。     

Price Dynamics and Consumer Learning

This paper studies the price dynamics induced by strategic firm behavior in the presence of consumer learning about the uncertain quality differential of the products offered by a duopoly. It is found that consumers learn slowly and that prices converge also slowly to full-information levels. A consequence is that the incentives affirms to manipulate consumers' beliefs are persistent. Although pricing tends to be aggressive at the early stages, and average prices eventually increase over time, price wars may occur at intermediate stages of the product life cycle.     

下游市场存在竞争的企业集团转移定价研究

基于企业集团面临下游竞争，研究了企业集团的中间产品的转移定价问题。研究结果表明，集团的中间产品的转移价格大干中间产品的边际成本。与Hirshkifer提出的边际成本转移定价策略相比，本文提出的转移定价策略为优。     

A note on transfer prices and exchange rate pass-through

The paper builds a model of a parent corporation selling an intermediate product to a foreign subsidiary. The model is used to explain the response of foreign prices to changes in the exchange rate between the country of the parent affiliate and the foreign subsidiary. The model examines this response with and without an external market for the intermediate product.     

The Value of "Final Products" Counts Only Itself

Abstract . The value of final products counts only itself and not the value of so‐called intermediate products. The prevailing, contrary belief entails a twofold violation of the laws of mathematics—namely, the impermissible discarding of essential terms of equations and then the addition of the remainders of equations that are mutually exclusive and therefore not properly subject to addition. It follows that in order to count the values of the so‐called intermediate products, one must go out and count them, because they are not counted in the value of the final product. Despite prevailing belief, counting the value of intermediate products does not represent “double counting.” The implications of these findings for macroeconomic theory are major and include a radically different approach to the respective roles of saving and consumption in spending and income formation, and recognition of the fact that today's concept of gross product is actually a concept of net product.