International knowledge transfers through expatriates

International knowledge transfer processes and related internal stickiness factors have recently been targets of increasing research interest. However, the role of expatriate managers in these international knowledge transfers is not well understood. The objectives of the present study were (1) to analyze what kind of knowledge is transferred within MNCs and what is the role of expatriates in these transfer processes and (2) develop a theoretical framework on internal stickiness factors faced by the expatriates involved in the knowledge transfer processes on the basis of the literature, and test it empirically. The findings indicate that the role of expatriate managers was very central in the transfer processes. Furthermore, support was received for the theoretical framework of internal stickiness factors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Technology transfers and industry closures

There has been a shift of manufacturing industries from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries to emerging countries. In a competitive global economy increases in productivity in any country are generally welfare-enhancing. The established industrialized countries can suffer from the collapse of some industries, and from the associated increase in unemployment. We model this process and analyze the interactions between various rigidities that cause it, such as the minimum viable scale of an industry or the number of workers who lack the necessary skills to change jobs. When, under free trade, the technology transfer causes the manufacturing industry to collapse in the home country, it experiences a discrete drop in welfare and the price of the manufactured good rises sharply. Further transfers may reverse these results. The optimal level of protection is the minimum size required to operate. Conditions that make supporting an ailing industry worthwhile can be interpreted in several ways but the conclusion is inescapable: technology transfers fundamentally affect arguments for industry protection at home.     

Fertility,intergenerational transfers and economic development

This paper develops a model of endogenous growth where agents are altruistic and value both the utilities of their parent and of their children. Individuals endogenously choose the number of their children, and arbitrate between financing education, leaving them some bequest and offering some gift to their parents. We establish the existence of three types of long run regime. Starting from a low level of human capital, an economy converges towards a stationary state associated with a constant output per worker, a high level of fertility and ascendant transfers. If the initial level of human capital is not too low, another stationary state jointly exists with a lower level of fertility and no transfer. Finally, starting from a high level of human capital, the economy experiences a steady growth of output per worker associated with a low fertility level and descendant transfers. We then assume that an economy is initially in the stationary underdevelopment regime with ascendant transfers, and we study the power of different policies to push the economy toward the growth regime. We successively consider a fertility control policy, an education subsidies policy, and the introduction of a pension system for the elderly.     

论人力资源管理的对象资源

企业人力资源管理的主管或经理如果不能准确定位或识别主要的对象资源,他们将无法为企业实施有效的?有价值的人力资源管理.作者在企业竞争力应该在不断改善与提升的前提下,提出企业人力资源管理主要对象资源的构成.     

论人力资源管理的对象资源

企业人力资源管理的主管或经理如果不能准确定位或识别主要的对象资源,他们将无法为企业实施有效的?有价值的人力资源管理.作者在企业竞争力应该在不断改善与提升的前提下,提出企业人力资源管理主要对象资源的构成.     

Intergovernmental transfers and fiscal behavior insurance versus aggregate discipline

This paper evaluates the trade-off between the advantages of risk sharing and the perils of common pool problems in federal fiscal arrangements. Under the assumption of asymmetric information we evaluate two alternative regimes of intergovernmental transfers. In one regime, the central government pre-commits to a certain level of transfers that compensate vertical fiscal imbalances and provide some limited ex-ante insurance. In the other regime, it accommodates ex-post the fiscal needs of the different provinces. In this second case, full-insurance results, but the economy is subject to a tragedy of the fiscal commons, with excessive subnational spending, insufficient local taxation, and reduced production of federal public goods. We find the range of parameters for which one or the other institutional regime will be preferable. The result is a fiscal-federalism version of the usual trade-off between rules and discretion.     

Currency depreciations, financial transfers, and firm heterogeneity

The present paper investigates five episodes of currency collapse from the perspective of non-financial firms operating in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. We focus on two aspects: wealth and income transfers from borrowing firms to lenders and firm heterogeneity. At the firm level, we find that the currency collapses are preceded and associated with sharply rising financial transfers from firms to lenders. The debt and income structure is central in explaining the asymmetric firm dynamics. Most affected are firms with high levels of unhedged foreign-currency debt. At the country level, Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico display three contrasting examples. Argentina has a large currency mismatch, Brazil balances the currency denomination of debt and income (natural hedge), and Mexico occupies an intermediate position.     

Technology transfers and optimal entry strategies for the multinational firm

This paper analyses the choice of full versus shared ownership of the production affiliate made by Italian multinationals in Asia, based on an entirely new firm-level dataset, constructed by the author. The decision to internalise production, rather than relying on a local partner, is driven by the threat of Dissipation of Intangible Assets, both at a theoretical and an empirical level. In particular, we show that full ownership is more likely to emerge in Asia for Italian firms endowed with better technology and human capital, or belonging to high tech sectors.     

The economics of enlarging the European Union: Policy reform versus transfers

While the European Union will hardly be in a position to receive new members without extensive policy and financial reform, the discussion so far has exaggerated the link between reform and enlargement. It has also tended to neglect the economic benefits to be expected from integrating the CEECs into the EU and has been dominated by concerns about intra-EU transfers. In an attempt to placate those member states which have complained that they pay too much, recent proposals could give rise to more inefficiencies and disparities within the Union. The author is grateful to Beuter, Frank Bollen, Veerle Deekmyn and Les Metealfe for their comments on a previous draft. The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in this paper.     

Illustrations of financing and tax transfers in owner financed real estate sales

The dramatic increase in seller or creative financing in the late 1970s and early 1980s has captured the attention of many academicians and practitioners. The primary focus in the existing literature is on explaining differences in loan terms between creative financing and conventional financing and on how these differences are capitalized into sale prices. This paper investigates the role of financing opportunity costs and federal income taxation and their consequences on real estate financing. Illustrations of the model show the feasibility of interpersonal financing transfers (between buyers and sellers) and intertemporal tax transfers (across time periods).     

Economics of undersea resources

The open seas have recently become recognized as a major resource on which the world is likely to grow increasingly dependent in the years ahead. With regard to their exploitation questions of efficiency and equity have arisen that are being fought out primarily within the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea the sixth round of which ended last month, once again without any concrete results. Professor Walter explains what is at stake.     

信息资源共享探析

文章分析了信息共享空间的核心理念、服务内容、空间设施及资源体系,探讨了如何构建IC的资源体系.     

The resources crisis

This article utilizes a new concept of supply and demand for raw materials. It emphasizes the need for the use of long run economics rather than short run analysis in the determination of a fair price for raw commodities.     

谈人力资源发展

本文主要从人力资源概念、特征,人力资源与发展的关系,人力资源如何发展三个方面阐述人力资源在经济发展中的重要性和人力资源发展的核心问题.     

多组多播集中式大规模MIMO系统的安全性能分析

分析了主动攻击下的多组多播集中式大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)系统的安全性能。基于上行导频训练估计的信道状态信息,系统采用功率限制下的共轭波束成形方案实现下行多播传输。通过分析合法用户安全速率的下界和窃听者信息速率的上界,得到了系统安全速率下界的闭合表达式。进一步,推导出基站天线数趋于无穷大情况下此安全传输系统能获取的极限安全速率。实验仿真验证了所得结果的正确性。