美国对外贸易的理念和货物贸易的基本格局

自由贸易是美国对外贸易的基本理念。贸易自由化是战后美国对外贸易政策的基本特征,原因在于贸易自由化每年给美国带来1万亿美元左右的收益。对美国货物贸易的基本格局可以从五个方面认识:美国是世界上进出口规模最大的国家;美国进口规模比出口规模对世界经济的影响更大;美国是世界上最大的贸易逆差国,享受了世界最多的物质财富;美国贸易条件的变动表明对外贸易格局有利于美国;美国进口规模扩大与产业结构升级的结合演变为美国结构性增长优势。     

A Cross Cultural Analysis of the Geographical Knowledge of U.S., Irish,Israeli, Mexican,and South Korean Business School Students

ABSTRACT

Geographical knowledge about foreign countries is considered to be a significant factor related to the successful marketing of goods and services in international markets-a not insignificant conclusion by experts given the sizable trade deficits run up by the United States in 2000 ($365 billion), 2001 ($346 billion), and 2002 ($435 billion).

Unfortunately, previous research has concluded that U.S. business school students-tomorrow's executives who will make decisions that will impact their firms' international operations-have inadequate levels of international geographical knowledge.

This article compares the geographical knowledge of U.S. business school students to that of business school students in four countries: Ireland, Israel, Mexico, and South Korea. The sub-par performance exhibited by the U.S. students and the impact of six independent variables on global geographical knowledge are used to develop a number of pedagogical conclusions designed to enhance the international geographical knowledge of U.S. business school students and students in foreign business schools and overcome the antipathy toward this subject matter that apparently exists within business schools and their various external constituencies.     

Shorter Papers Automobile Quotas Revisited: The Costs of Continued Protection

This paper examines the loss to the U. S. economy and consumers from the third year of the Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) for Japanese automobiles. Losses due to product differentiation were estimated separately for the domestic car market and Japanese car market. Consideration was given to profit taking as well as product upgrading. The welfare loss ranged from $1.8 billion to $2.8 billion which is higher than loss estimates reported for the first year of the VER. The higher welfare loss reflects the impact of improved economic conditions which resulted in higher prices for manufacturers and dealers and the emergence of product upgrading due to quantity restraints. The total loss to consumers ranged from $2.6 billion to $5.3 billion with more than 80 percent of the loss representing transfers from consumers to producers (domestic and foreign). The high cost of the VER has not been offset by employment gains since Detroit responded to the VER by making fewer cars and increasing its reliance on off - shore production.     

FDI Fell Down in Q1 of 2009

According to the statistics of news release of foreign investment, from January to March 2009, foreign-invested enterprises newly approved for establishment reached total dumber of 4554, a decreased 34.47% as compared with that of the same period last year; and the actual use of lbreign investment reached US$21.777 billion, a decreased 20.56% as compared with that of the same period last year. （See Chart 1）     

RMB Appreciation in 2008

At the beginning of 2007, both foreign investment banks and domestic commercial banks all thought that last year＇s RMB appreciation would grow between 4 to 5 percent; however the realization of a 6.77 percent increase has surprised everyone. The RMB has appreciated much faster than expected, keeping pace with the rise of China＇s foreign trade surplus and foreign exchange reserves.     

The debt burden of developing countries

According to OECD data¹, the external debts of developing countries totalled $ 625 billion at the end of 1982. As this does not include certain forms of credit, their indebtedness can be estimated at more than $ 700 billion, of which $ 500 billion consists just of bank loans. The resultant burden of interest and redemption payments has become so great that many more developing countries will be forced to seek rescheduling in the future. The debt burdens of developing countries and the vulnerability of the world financial system must be reduced for development policy reasons and also to ensure that the economies of the industrialised countries are not harmed. The following study suggests how this may be done.     

A Note on the Incidence and Possible Cost of “Critical Circumstances” Penalties in U.S. Antidumping Enforcement

This article examines the incidence and possible cost of “Critical Circumstances” penalties in U.S. antidumping enforcement. Critical Circumstances penalties are surprisingly common. Of the 297 foreign firms that were assessed antidumping duties greater than 25% during the period 1980–1995, 89 (or 30%) were also assessed a Critical Circumstances penalty. The volume of imports affected by these Critical Circumstances penalties was approximately $991 million over the 15 year period (or about $66 million per year). The average level of the Critical Circumstances penalties was about 79% of the value of the relevant commerce, assessed for a period of up to 90 days, or as much as $13 million per year. The economic cost to the United States from Critical Circumstances penalties comes largely from the reduction in export levels (increase in prices) that foreign firms may make in the expectation that a Critical Circumstances penalty may be assessed. The article presents evidence that foreign firms have restricted their exports to the United States to avoid or minimize Critical Circumstances penalties, and discusses a simple model that may illustrate how foreign firms react to the possibility of such penalties.     

西部地区对外贸易发展状况分析

改革开放以来,西部地区对外贸易取得了很大的发展,进出口额迅速增加,贸易结构不断优化。西部地区工业制成品出口额占出口贸易额比重进一步增加,一般贸易占贸易额的比重不断提高,使用外资金额持续增长。但与东部地区相比较,还存在一定的差距。西部地区应该充分发挥优势,增加贸易规模及调整贸易结构,促进西部地区经济快速增长。     

The Payoff to America from Globalisation

This article summarizes the economic payoff to the United States from its postwar trade opening and estimates the potential future gains from more opening going forward. To quantify these gains, we survey different methodologies and estimates. We find that trade opening since World War II has added between $800 billion to $1.4 trillion to the US economy, or about $7,000 to $13,000 per household. More speculative estimates of the potential additional gains from removing the rest of US trade barriers range from $400 billion to $1.3 trillion, or about $4,000 to $12,000 per household. Since trade opening permanently raises national income, these gains are enjoyed annually. Trade opening inevitably entails adjustment costs. We estimate that the lifetime cost of all worker dislocations that have been triggered by expanded trade in the United States could be as high as $54 billion, although probably less. The permanent gains from past and potential liberalization easily swamp the modest sums necessary to alleviate the temporary pains of adjustment. In the future as in the past, free trade can significantly raise income – and quality of life – in America.     

Indicator systems for the assessment of the external debt situation of developing countries

The foreign indebtedness of the Third World has been increasing rapidly over the past ten years. The volume of private and public borrowings expanded between the end of 1970 and the end of 1979 from $ 64 bn to $ 376 bn¹. This development has quickened the interest in methods for an assessment of the external debt situation of developing countries. Interested parties—commercial banks, international organizations, etc., and the borrowers themselves—are looking for criteria by reference to which they can monitor foreign indebtedness and ascertain in good time whether and when the foreign debt of a country is in danger of reaching “critical” dimensions. What view should be taken of the various criteria?     

美国的外来生物入侵现状和防控策略

在美国历史上,据估计已经有近5万种外来入侵物种（非本土）传入美国。外来入侵生物对美国的经济和环境造成的损失高达1200亿美元。针对外来生物入侵的严峻形势及其重大经济损失,自1999年起,美国相继颁布了第13112号行政令、《国家入侵物种管理规划》和《公共健康安全和生物恐怖预警法案》等,建立了国家外来生物入侵防控战略体系。本文综述了美国的外来生物入侵现状及其国家防控策略,     

中国贸易强国之路——自主创新

2004年中国的进出口贸易总额高达11547．4亿美元,超过日本一跃成为世界第三贸易大国。对外贸易额平均每年以超过15％的速度增长。2007年中国进出口总额更是达到了21728亿美元,比上年增长23．5％,跃居世界第二位。但是我国贸易大国地位却蕴藏着脆弱的基础,例如出口商品结构不合理,产品竞争力不强;服务贸易发展滞后,比重偏低;出口商品缺乏具有自主知识产权的知名品牌和核心技术等等。我国是贸易大国的同时又是贸易弱国。我国提出要在2020年以前发展成为世界贸易强国的目标。文章提出了中国贸易强国之路,即自主创新。     

Is the USA depriving the rest of the world of capital?

High American interest rates and confident expectations about the future dollar exchange rate have exerted an unprecedented attraction on foreign capital in the past two years. Gross capital inflows into the USA came to as much as $ 89 billion and $ 83 billion in 1982 and 1983 respectively. It is widely held that this is depleting the supply of capital to the rest of the world. Is this view justified?     

Identity theft: An exploratory study with implications for marketers

Identity theft is the fastest growing crime in America, and millions of people become victims each year. Furthermore, identity theft costs corporations over $20 billion per year, and consumers are forced to spend over $2 billion and 100 million hours of time to deal with the aftermath. This paper uses a system dynamics model to explore policy options dealing with identity theft and to provide implications for marketers. The results indicate that the current approach to combating identity theft will not work. However, inexpensive security freezes could be effective, because they result in a nonlinear reduction in identity theft that is similar to the “herd immunity” seen in epidemiology. Thus, identity theft can be addressed by protecting just a fraction of the total population.     

Consumption, New Protagonist in 2007 GDP

Not long ago, the National Bureau of Statistics released its 2007 Macro Economy Index. Social consumption retail sales reached RMB 8.9 billion, increased by 16.8 percent over the previous year, or 3.1 percentage points higher; the whole investment in social fixed assets was valued RMB 13.7 billion, a year-on-year increase of 24.8 percent, that is 0.9 percentage points higher; and trade surplus amounted to RMB 24.7 billion, rising by 47.7 percent compared with the same period last year, 26.3 percentage points falling over the increasing speed last year. According to preliminary estimates, GDP for the year was RMB 24.67 trillion, up by 11.4 percent from the previous year,     

Dumping and Subsidy Cases at the ITC: Voting Discretion and Commissioner Attributes

Every year, the United States evaluates the protection of intellectual property rights in foreign markets in the context of its Special 301 review. U.S. trading partners that are found to provide inadequate protection are designated as priority countries. This article quantifies the increase in U.S. receipts of royalties and license fees from countries after they were designated as Special 301 priorities, using an econometric model of U.S. royalty receipts from 33 countries over the period 2001–2008. The priority designations between 2001 and 2007 are associated with a cumulative $5.4 billion increase in annual U.S. royalty receipts.     

网游十岁

<正>中国网络游戏今年10岁了。与具有百年历史的电影和唱片等"老大哥"相比,中国网络游戏产业无疑是个"初生的婴儿",但在全球数字化浪潮的推动下,这个"婴儿"正以令人眩目的姿态飞速壮大,短短10年间,中国网络游戏产业已经成为一支不可忽视的力量,无论是玩家人数还是产业规模,都位居世界前列。     

Embodiment--the Aesthetics of Incorporation

This paper examines contemporary developments in 3D immersive data and experience as a method of information and organizational design. With particular attention to its historic forbearers, contemporary theorists and current graphical tools, this paper anticipates specific concerns and possible technological developments in virtual organizational design. As artists, new developments in technology present opportunities to restructure organizational life both virtually and materially. Computer animation industry growth leaped 30% in fiscal year 1998 topping $20 billion in annual revenues. As the animation and 3D immersive industry expands platforms and applications shift. The most successful of these adapt while others dissipate. Nonetheless current management and organizational structures are challenged to engage a world that increasingly visualizes and communicates in 3D.     

The Global Market for Water Treatment Products

The global demand for water treatment products should rise at 6.6 percent per year between 2002 and 2007 and reach almost $35 billion by the end of that period. China will record the highest rate of growth among major markets with a 17 percent annual rise through 2007. Gains in the developing world will reflect ongoing efforts to deliver safe drinking water to the more than one billion people who currently lack access.JEL Classification L95     

The employer costs of motor vehicle crashes

The latest published estimate of the cost of US motor vehicle crashes to employers is for 1989. This study estimates annual employer costs in 1998-2000. Incidence was estimated with occupational injury data and motor vehicle crash data for 1998-2000. Employer costs were estimated from Federal estimates of crash costs by source of payment using data on the percentage of varied payment streams (e.g. health insurance, sick leave) paid by employers. Motor vehicle crash injuries on and off the job cost employers almost $60 billion annually, including $16.3 billion in fringe benefit costs; $25.2 billion in property damage, workplace disruption and other non-fringe costs; and $18.4 billion in wage-risk premiums. Traffic safety programmes can reduce the fringe benefit bill without reducing the benefits offered to employees. Eliminating alcohol-impaired and unrestrained driving would save employers $15.2 billion annually.