居民收入增长对城市生活废弃物产出量的影响

近年来,随居民人均收入的增长,国内城市生活废弃物问题呈现出持续恶化的态势.从微观个体的角度对其进行分析,可以将问题产生的诱因归结为收入效应和替代效应:收入效应,收入增长使消费者可以购买更多的商品,这造成生活废弃物的增加;替代效应,收入上升使消费者消费商品的时间机会成本也随之上升,为节约时间机会成本,消费者倾向于购买更多的一次性商品,这导致生成更多的生活废弃物.通过提高城市居民的环保意识来增加其消费产品的边际负效用,是缓解城市生活废弃物问题持续恶化的有效途径.     

A company's commitment to waste reduction, recycling, and reuse

Charles Heiman would be proud to see his vision being carried on and that Standard Textile is not only doing well, but also doing good. As an industry leader, Standard Textile has incorporated the entire cradle-to-grave concept in product creation. As a result, Standard Textile can compete in tomorrow's markets because the end user will mandate an environmentally sound product or process when alternatives are available. As a society, we are faced with some tough decisions about our environment and the world we live in. A very positive step all health care facilities can take for our future and our children's future is to employ a reusable and recyclable system. Switching from disposable to reusable textiles dramatically reduces the amount of solid waste but does so without using excessive water because of state-of-the-art recycling facilities now available. It also can offer the user better performance of the products they need to use. The answer is simple enough--investment in reusable and recyclable systems is in everybody's interest.     

Can computerization of linen management save real dollars?

Software designed for linen management is readily available to linen managers. Each has a variety of features and benefits. It is important that the linen manager discover a system that will return the type of information he or she is looking for and deliver it with minimum effort and maximum efficiency. Software systems can, indeed, prove beneficial to linen managers in bringing a new level of control to circulating linen at the hospital facility.     

Health care: a leader or a follower? Reducing disposable waste

We clearly have the means to examine and reduce the amounts and types of disposable medical waste that health care institutions are creating. Although there may be special circumstances that prevent specific hospitals, or specific departments within a hospital, from converting to alternative products, much improvement can still be made. There are several strong examples of hospitals across the United States with programs that have drastically cut the amount of waste they are generating. They have eliminated disposable cups and eating utensils from the cafeterias, shifted to reusable underpads and surgical linens, and established recycling programs for paper and cardboard. These few cases are not enough. We cannot be lulled into believing that these exceptional efforts on the part of a few institutions are all that is needed. We should remember that if Mother Nature had intended for us to pat ourselves on the back, our hinges would be different. What is needed is a clear statement from the health care industry of its responsibility to society with regard to managing its waste. Leadership begins with action. If the health care industry does not take steps to regulate its disposable waste, the government undoubtedly will. We do not need to wait for our supervisors or administrators to fashion credos for us. All staff members know there are numerous ways that they can affect the amount of waste produced at their hospitals. They can also begin to affect the attitudes of those working around them. The consequences of inaction are simply too great. As fictional as half-empty grocery stores may have sounded at the beginning of this article, the problems that we face with waste disposal are certainly as grim. If we wait for our state and federal governments to solve the problems, it may be too late; and if it is too late, the solutions that they develop will certainly be extreme. We have the technology and the ability to cut dramatically the amount of disposable waste that health care generates. In practically every case, the lower-waste options also save the institution money. It is time that we honestly challenged our need for today's convenience at the expense of tomorrow's quality of life.     

Conservation and laundry: using outside vendors to clean reusable linens

Using outside laundry facilities is a viable and efficient means for hospitals to clean and sanitize soiled linens. Such services also allow hospitals to achieve cost-effective linen systems. All kinds of linen products, including gowns, sheets, blankets, pillowcases, mops, diapers, and surgical textiles, are easily processed through such purveyors. Even newer fabrics with improved barrier protection qualities can be serviced. The three elements that make up the laundry cost equation are purchasing, processing, and usage. Improvements and reductions in any one of these areas positively affect the other two. With this in mind, a hospital and an outside laundry service should work closely together to improve linen management, to control usage, and to remove waste, thus reducing hospitals' per-patient-day costs. Close interaction and teamwork will make the relationship work with dynamic results. Together, both parties will grow and meet the ever-evolving needs of the health care industry.     

A real options perspective on entrepreneurial entry in the face of uncertainty

In this paper we develop and test theory regarding whether entrepreneurs contemplating starting a new venture account for the value of the option to defer the entry decision. While others have illuminated the theoretical applicability of real options theory to entrepreneurship, empirical evidence in this context is lacking. Consistent with predictions derived from real options theory, we find that high uncertainty in the target industry dissuades entry, and that the irreversibility of the entry decision moderates this relationship. Furthermore, we find that the irreversibility of the investment decision can be influenced by industry‐level, firm‐level and even individual‐level factors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two managerial economics approaches to the R&D decision process

In this paper we present two different approaches that analyze the effects of rivals on the R&D decision process. The first approach assumes that the introduction time of the new product is uncertain to the manager. Given this assumption, the problem is analyzed in a framework similar to the one suggested by Kamien and Schwartz (1972). The second approch assumes technical certainty to study a set of models that extends and supports different views in the managerial economics literature regarding the properties of the R&D decision process from both private and social points of view.     

A Dual Approach to Nonconvex Frontier Models

This paper extends the links between the non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) models for efficiency analysis, duality theory and multi-criteria decision making models for the linear and non-linear case. By drawing on the properties of a partial Lagrangean relaxation, a correspondence is shown between the CCR, BCC and free disposable hull (FDH) models in DEA and the MCDM model. One of the implications is a characterization that verifies the sufficiency of the weighted scalarizing function, even for the non-convex case FDH. A linearization of FDH is presented along with dual interpretations. Thus, an input/output-oriented model is shown to be equivalent to a maximization of the weighted input/output, subject to production space feasibility. The discussion extends to the recent developments: the free replicability hull (FRH), the new elementary replicability hull (ERH) and the non-convex models by Petersen (1990). FRH is shown to be a true mixed integer program, whereas the latter can be characterized as the CCR and BCC models.     

长三角地区智慧城市建设对城市创新能力影响

为了探究长三角地区智慧城市建设对城市创新能力发展的影响,通过构建智慧城市建设评价体系,从智慧民生、城市治理、经济发展三个方面建设创建城市创新评价指标。使用Stata计量软件,建立多元回归模型对变量卫生机构数、社会消费品零售总额、绿化覆盖面积、污水处理量、城镇人均可支配收入、第三产业增加值对城市创新能力的实证检验。结果表明,第三产业增加值和社会消费品零售总额对城市创新有正向的促进作用,城镇人均可支配收入对城市创新的系数为负,卫生机构数、绿化覆盖面积、污水处理量对城市创新表现不明显。研究表明:长三角地区智慧城市建设对城市创新能力有明显的促进作用。最后根据研究结果提出合理的建议。     

Relationship impact and African American males' responses to health care practitioner recommendations

This phenomenological research study was conducted to explore and identify reasons African American men comply or do not comply with the medical recommendations of their health care practitioner. The research sample was 20 African American men living in Baltimore City, Maryland, who visited their health care practitioner within the past year. Open‐ended, objectively phrased interview questions were used for this study, which allowed participants to respond with their own words to describe their decision making regarding their health care practitioner's advice. Invariant themes were revealed by data mining. Three clusters of themes emerged: relationship, apprehension, and trust. The research revealed participants viewed the doctor‐patient relationship as critical in establishing trust and respect and in building rapport. Participants felt these elements would serve to promote patient compliance to their health care practitioner's recommendations.     

Cyclical capital structure decisions

Past literature has documented clear trends in the leverage ratio and other capital structure choices made by US firms. We expand this line of research by showing that aggregate capital structure ratios of US firms, during the last decades, are characterised not only by time trends but also by clear cycles. We set the start and end dates of these cycles using a ‘classical approach’. The cycles relating to the ratio of new shares versus debt are shorter and are more intense than the cycles regarding the term of the new debt obligations. The cycles that describe the ratio of retained earnings versus new equity issues are wider in relative terms and with similar duration to the cycles of decisions on external versus internal financing. This means that the decision to substitute debt for shares (or vice versa) is much more common, frequent and significant, than the decision term debt.     

考虑社会成本的工程项目投资决策研究

文章首先研究了工程项目社会成本的估算方法,然后将社会成本纳入投资决策体系,便于政府根据全新的思路来进行管理和投资决策,以保证工程项目投资决策有利于全社会健康、稳定与可持续的发展。     

Promoting shared health care decision making using the analytic hierarchy process

Recent developments in medical technology and bioethics have led to a shift in the traditional framework of physician–patient responsibility in health care decision making. Patients are increasingly participating in serious health care decisions, resulting in a “shared decision-making model“ that both patients and their doctors agree is a significant improvement over the traditional system in which a doctor served as the primary decision maker. However, patients are finding they need to develop strategies that allow them to understand and evaluate their health care options in a clear manner. T.L. Saaty’s “Analytic Hierarchy Process” (AHP) is a decision methodology that has been successfully applied to a wide variety of situations and has great potential as a methodology for improved shared health care decision making. This paper reports the results of an experimental use of AHP as a tool to facilitate shared decision making for two specific health care populations. Both groups of patients were deciding amongst their options in terms of two important elective health care procedures: estrogen replacement therapy and cosmetic eyelid surgery. After using AHP, the majority of both patients and physicians agreed that this technique improved physician–patient communication, thus greatly assisting shared health care decisions. When considering other criteria in addition to physician–patient communication, including the entire physician–patient relationship, the patients felt that AHP was preferable to the conventional doctor-patient mode of decision making.     

可重用框架的电子商务开发平台的开发应用

叙述了基于可重用框架的应用系统开发的平台以及前景,提出了可重用的基于EJB技术的多层结构的物流电子商务开发框架,以及以J2EE技术体系为代表的分布式对象技术。基于可重用框架的电子商务系统具有层次分明、便于维护和发展的优点,具有良好的开发前景,是开发和部署电子商务应用系统的基础。     

Automation and artificial intelligence in business logistics systems: human reactions and collaboration requirements

Increasing application areas and depths of autonomous systems in logistics provide a new level of challenge for the analysis and design of human–machine interaction concepts. Due to scarce high-skilled personnel in several regions and the objectives of efficiency and sustainability improvement, logistics operators have to pursue technological progress like automation with all means. In order to distinguish between more or less performing human–artificial collaboration systems in logistics ex ante for investment decision purposes, a multi-dimensional conceptual framework is developed. A comprehensive case study regarding automated truck driving in logistics is provided in order to test the concept concerning practical implications. Results include the notion of four distinctive and increasing resistance levels before finally an efficient ‘trusted’ collaboration between human operators and artificial intelligence systems can be achieved. This is important for the design of many automated systems in logistics, among others for driving and piloting professions regarding autonomous driving supervision.     

Towards A Professional Rationalization

A bstract . The French health care delivery system is characterized, on the one hand, by a centralized and socialized decision making process as far as financing is concerned, yet on the other hand, the regulation of activities is highly decentralized and governed mainly by individual physicians on a private basis.
Today, the health care scene seems to be stuck in a process within which each new reform leads to yet another reform, In this movement, the role played by academic health economists is increasing.
The French health care delivery system and its dynamics are described and two major topics which wilt be at stake in the years to come, the remuneration of physicians and the financing of hospitals are considered. The challenge facing health economists who have to consider the system as a system, is examined. The relationships between the political arena and the researcher's ivory tower appears to be is one of the keys for the future of the health care system. It is demonstrated that, in this area too, few barriers have fallen.     

A new approach to optimal selection of services in health care organizations.

A new reimbursement policy adopted by Medicare in 1983 caused financial difficulties for many hospitals and health care organizations. Several organizations responded to these difficulties by developing systems to carefully measure their costs of providing services. The purpose of such systems was to provide relevant information about the profitability of hospital services. This paper presents a new method of making hospital service selection decisions: it is based on an optimization model that avoids arbitrary cost allocations as a basis for computing the costs of offering a given service. The new method provides more reliable information about which services are profitable or unprofitable, and it provides an accurate measure of the degree to which a service is profitable or unprofitable. The new method also provides useful information about the sensitivity of the optimal decision to changes in costs and revenues. Specialized algorithms for the optimization model lead to very efficient implementation of the method, even for the largest health care organizations.     

Bracing for demand shocks: An experimental investigation

We investigate inventory ordering decisions when decision makers anticipated a demand shock. Decision makers anticipating an event have been shown to brace for an uncertain negative outcome by overestimating the likelihood of that event. Decision makers faced with a spike in demand may incur increased holding costs because they may brace, exhibiting a judgment bias, and consequently a decision bias by over-ordering inventory. Three studies span conditions of uncertainty regarding the timing and magnitude of a demand shock: Employing three between-subjects experiments, Study 1 investigates behavior when decision makers were faced with uncertainty in timing and in magnitude of demand at the most elemental level, manipulating holding and stock out costs. The three experimental tasks feature uncertainty about the magnitude of demand (Experiment 1.1), uncertainty about the timing of demand (Experiment 1.2), and uncertainty about both the magnitude and timing of demand (Experiment 1.3). Study 2 uses a dynamic, multi-period replenishment task and a between-subjects manipulation regarding the uncertainty of timing and magnitude of a demand shock. Study 3 also employs a multi-period decision environment, but compares behavior under a demand shock condition with that in a condition featuring only random variability. The collective results from the three studies identify a bias toward over-ordering in response to a demand shock, relative to the optimal orders. The between-subjects manipulations in Study 2 points toward a possible remedy as we found that providing information concerning the timing and magnitude of a shock ameliorated the bias. The primary revelation was that decision makers had more difficulty dealing with uncertain timing than with uncertain magnitude of demand. One implication is that it is particularly critical for retailers to carefully plan and manage how they share information with upstream supply chain partners regarding when they plan to introduce store-level promotions.     

居民可支配收入与房地产价格的关系研究——基于省际面板的计量分析

选取中国31省(市、区)2000~2007年的面板数据,分别从截面估计和时间估计角度对房地产价格与居民可支配收入关系进行了实证研究。研究表明:居民可支配收入与房地产价格均高度相关。从截面估计看,不同地区居民可支配收入对房地产价格的影响程度不同,其中天津、上海、福建等发达省市房地产价格对居民可支配收入弹性较大。从时间估计看,居民可支配收入对房地产价格的影响从2000年到2007年逐渐升高,并提出相关的政策建议。