U.S. national security export controls: Implications for global competitiveness of U.S. high-tech firms

U.S. exporters of high-technology, ‘dual-use’ products are competitively disadvantaged in global markets by the complexity, range, and stringency of U.S. national security export controls. This paper demonstrates that fungibility of high technology and lax interpretation of multilateral export control agreements by other advanced countries have made the existing control regime ineffective. It further shows that persistent U.S. restrictiveness of exports in non-critical, widely available goods and technologies may needlessly and permanently erode U.S. firms' competitive position in existing as well as rapidly-opening markets worldwide. The need to revise the notion of national security to include not only military security, but also its complement, economic security, is discussed. The pivotal issue of enforceability of multilateral controls is explored, and corporate strategies for U.S. high-tech firms to achieve export control policy change are suggested.     

[链接]美军军用包装发展趋势

没有军事后勤革命,就没有军事革命.为了建设一支现代化的21世纪的陆军,目前一场前所未有的军事后勤革命正以迅猛之势在美军中展开.     

Comparing technology education in the U.S. and U.K.

British and American discourses and experiences with respect to technology education are compared. Out of this comparison important issues are identified that have implications for the larger ongoing conversation on technology beyond these countries. They include the role of the state in establishing and validating the subject, the dual claims of technology literacy and technological capability, and dual curricular approaches — content and process.     

美国食品包装安全机构

美国政府食品与包装安全机构对总统、国会、法庭及公众负责。美国政府主要食品包装安全管理机构有5个，它们均有着各自的职能范围和安全职责。     

Unions and the U.S. Comparative Advantage

Analysis of data covering 134, three-digit (SIC) manufacturing industries from the mid-sixties to the mid-eighties undermines the claim that unions are responsible for altering the composition of U.S. trade flows. Heavily unionized industries are not found to have lost any more to imports nor gained any more in exports than comparable U.S. industries. On the other hand, industrial concentration appears to be a significant disadvantage.     

Winning in the U.S.Activewear Market

A revolution in the U.S. activewear marker is being driven by the convergence of several consumer and retail trends.According to Cotton ncorporated＇s 2014 Sports Apparel Survey,more than nine in ten consumers say they wear athletic wear for activities other than exercise.ncreased consumer demand has prompted U.S athletic apparel sales o grow at double the rate of non-active apparel sales for several years.Strong sales growth has convinced mass merchants,fast-fashion etailers,and luxury brands to enter or increase offerings in this S33billion dollar morket previously dominated by o smaller cadre ofoutdoor and sports apparel retailers and brands     

U.S. Multinational Activity Abroad and U.S. Jobs: Substitutes or Complements?

Critics of globalization claim that firms are being driven by the prospects of cheaper labor and lower labor standards to shift employment abroad. Yet the evidence, beyond anecdotes, is slim. This paper reports stylized facts on the activities of U.S. multinationals at home and abroad for the years 1977 to 1999. We focus on firms in manufacturing and services, two sectors that have received extensive media attention for supposedly exporting jobs. Using firm‐level data collected by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in Washington, D.C., we report correlations between U.S. multinational employment at home and abroad. Preliminary evidence based on the operations of these multinationals suggests that the sign of the correlation depends on the crucial distinction between affiliates in high‐income and low‐income countries. For affiliates in high‐income countries there is a positive correlation between jobs at home and abroad, suggesting that foreign employment of U.S. multinationals is complementary to domestic employment. For firms that operate in developing countries, employment has been cut in the United States, and affiliate employment has increased. To account for firm size, substitution across firms and entry and exit, we aggregate our data to the industry level. This exercise reveals that the observed “complementarity” between U.S. and foreign jobs has been driven largely by a contraction across all manufacturing sectors. It also reveals that foreign employment in developing countries has substituted for U.S. employment in several highly visible industries, including computers, electronics, and transportation. The fact that there were U.S. jobs lost to foreign affiliates in key sectors, despite broad complementarity in hiring and firing decisions between U.S. parents and their affiliates, helps explain why economists view the impact of globalization on U.S. jobs as benign despite negative news coverage for declining industries.     

Testing for market power in the U.S. motor carrier industry

During the 1980's, researchers noted a trend towards increased concentration in the general freight, less-than-truckload (LTL) portion of the U.S. motor carrier industry. The purpose of this study is to employ new empirical industrial organization techniques to determine whether the more concentrated, post-1980, LTL industry exerted monopoly pricing behavior and to compare the nature of pricing behavior before and after regulation reform. The results suggest that the trend toward increased industry concentration does not imply anti-competitive performance. Also, the results indicate the presence of regulation-induced market power several years prior to regulation reform in 1980.     

An Analysis of the Out-of-Market Gap for DVDs in the U.S.

We examine the out-of-market gap – the time between the end of a film’s theatrical run and its release on DVD – for a sample of U.S. films during 1988-2005. The average gap declined from 58.14 days in 1998 to 27.93 days in 2005; by 2005, 39% of the films were released on DVD prior to leaving the theaters. Probit and hazard models are estimated to explore the factors that influence a distributor’s decision to release a film on DVD before it exits the theaters, and the timing of the release for films that appear on DVD after they leave the theaters.      

Capital Investment and Amortization Policies in the U.S.S.R.

This article deals with the two major problems in depreciation: how to determine actual wear and tear and, thus, life of equipment; and how to treat depreciation and its associated expenses in the accounting records. With regard to the first, the author recognizes that a certain amount of arbitrary action is probably inevitable. Industry in the USSR is evidently bound by its own equivalent of “Bulletin F”, which sets “amortization norms” or depreciation allowances for each class of machinery; and it is found that these often do not correspond to actual operating experience. The machine may be scrapped either before its allocated life span, or survive fully depreciated. This fact is, of course, quite familiar, and the author has no suggestions to offer beyond pointing out the problem. He also questions, for technical reasons, the straight line method which is now generally used. Yet it is almost impossible to justify, on functional grounds, any regulated alternative method, such as declining balance or sum-of-the-years-digits.     

美国天然气行业发展的经验及启示

美国天然气行业发展呈现明显的阶段性特点,其中快速发展阶段持续了30多年;天然气消费结构不断变化,在天然气市场进入成熟期后,城市燃气（民用和商业）发展平稳,人均消费量较高;天然气发电是推动美国天然气市场发展的重要力量;完善市场定价机制是发展天然气行业的关键,特别是在快速发展阶段,合理的天然气价格是保障天然气稳定供应的重要因素;在天然气市场快速发展初期,管网建设加速,不仅重视干线建设,同时重视支线建设;高度重视天然气储备,地下储气库与管网同步建设,库存量约占全年消费量的1／3。借鉴美国天然气行业发展的经验,中国发展天然气工业应对市场发展前景有充分认识;积极推动天然气市场定价机制的建立;适度发展天然气发电业务;管网建设应适度超前并转变建设方式。     

美国市场对化妆品包装和标签的要求

据报道,近年来全球化妆品消费增势迅猛,年递增率达10%以上,年消费额达500亿美元。美国是世界上妆化品消费的主要市场,对进口依赖很强。美国对化妆品管理已有50多年的历史,对化妆品标签上的说明要求严格。在美国市场上,无论是本国产化妆品或是进口化妆品,均须符合《联邦食品、药品和化妆品法》、《商品包装和标签法》以及其它一些相关的法规。对化妆品标签,美国要求必须标明以下各项内容。一、产品名称。包括对名称、产品性质、用途以及内容物准确净重的描述。如果产品的安全性未经充分检测,则标签上必须注明:本产品的安全性未经确定。二、生…     

U.S. Foreign Production and Unions

Based on analysis of industry by region data the author finds little evidence that U.S. unions have been a significant factor in the decision of U.S. firms to produce abroad. In effect, the composition of U.S. foreign production does not appear to be drawn from U.S. industries with especially high domestic unionization. Corresponding with previous research, the research do indicate that monopoly power, foreign tariffs and barriers, and the size and distance of foreign markets and important determinants of U.S. foreign production.     

U.S. industrial intracorporate entrepreneurship practices

This article reports the intracorporate entrepreneurial program (ICEP) practices, or‘venture management’ activities, of 210 American industrial firms. The survey reveals a growing concern among US. industrial enterprises about increasing competition and outlines a viable action-oriented response to these competitive pressures. Motives for creating long-term resource commitments to the creation of new product ventures and new technology divisions in existing companies are explored. A preliminary assessment is made of the effect of such programs on the human resources and performance measures of the organization. A cautious optimism for the successful continued growth of such programs is argued.