U.S. national security export controls: Implications for global competitiveness of U.S. high-tech firms

U.S. exporters of high-technology, ‘dual-use’ products are competitively disadvantaged in global markets by the complexity, range, and stringency of U.S. national security export controls. This paper demonstrates that fungibility of high technology and lax interpretation of multilateral export control agreements by other advanced countries have made the existing control regime ineffective. It further shows that persistent U.S. restrictiveness of exports in non-critical, widely available goods and technologies may needlessly and permanently erode U.S. firms' competitive position in existing as well as rapidly-opening markets worldwide. The need to revise the notion of national security to include not only military security, but also its complement, economic security, is discussed. The pivotal issue of enforceability of multilateral controls is explored, and corporate strategies for U.S. high-tech firms to achieve export control policy change are suggested.     

[链接]美军军用包装发展趋势

没有军事后勤革命,就没有军事革命.为了建设一支现代化的21世纪的陆军,目前一场前所未有的军事后勤革命正以迅猛之势在美军中展开.     

美国食品包装安全机构

美国政府食品与包装安全机构对总统、国会、法庭及公众负责。美国政府主要食品包装安全管理机构有5个，它们均有着各自的职能范围和安全职责。     

Winning in the U.S.Activewear Market

A revolution in the U.S. activewear marker is being driven by the convergence of several consumer and retail trends.According to Cotton ncorporated＇s 2014 Sports Apparel Survey,more than nine in ten consumers say they wear athletic wear for activities other than exercise.ncreased consumer demand has prompted U.S athletic apparel sales o grow at double the rate of non-active apparel sales for several years.Strong sales growth has convinced mass merchants,fast-fashion etailers,and luxury brands to enter or increase offerings in this S33billion dollar morket previously dominated by o smaller cadre ofoutdoor and sports apparel retailers and brands     

Testing for market power in the U.S. motor carrier industry

During the 1980's, researchers noted a trend towards increased concentration in the general freight, less-than-truckload (LTL) portion of the U.S. motor carrier industry. The purpose of this study is to employ new empirical industrial organization techniques to determine whether the more concentrated, post-1980, LTL industry exerted monopoly pricing behavior and to compare the nature of pricing behavior before and after regulation reform. The results suggest that the trend toward increased industry concentration does not imply anti-competitive performance. Also, the results indicate the presence of regulation-induced market power several years prior to regulation reform in 1980.     

An Analysis of the Out-of-Market Gap for DVDs in the U.S.

We examine the out-of-market gap – the time between the end of a film’s theatrical run and its release on DVD – for a sample of U.S. films during 1988-2005. The average gap declined from 58.14 days in 1998 to 27.93 days in 2005; by 2005, 39% of the films were released on DVD prior to leaving the theaters. Probit and hazard models are estimated to explore the factors that influence a distributor’s decision to release a film on DVD before it exits the theaters, and the timing of the release for films that appear on DVD after they leave the theaters.      

Capital Investment and Amortization Policies in the U.S.S.R.

This article deals with the two major problems in depreciation: how to determine actual wear and tear and, thus, life of equipment; and how to treat depreciation and its associated expenses in the accounting records. With regard to the first, the author recognizes that a certain amount of arbitrary action is probably inevitable. Industry in the USSR is evidently bound by its own equivalent of “Bulletin F”, which sets “amortization norms” or depreciation allowances for each class of machinery; and it is found that these often do not correspond to actual operating experience. The machine may be scrapped either before its allocated life span, or survive fully depreciated. This fact is, of course, quite familiar, and the author has no suggestions to offer beyond pointing out the problem. He also questions, for technical reasons, the straight line method which is now generally used. Yet it is almost impossible to justify, on functional grounds, any regulated alternative method, such as declining balance or sum-of-the-years-digits.     

美国市场对化妆品包装和标签的要求

据报道,近年来全球化妆品消费增势迅猛,年递增率达10%以上,年消费额达500亿美元。美国是世界上妆化品消费的主要市场,对进口依赖很强。美国对化妆品管理已有50多年的历史,对化妆品标签上的说明要求严格。在美国市场上,无论是本国产化妆品或是进口化妆品,均须符合《联邦食品、药品和化妆品法》、《商品包装和标签法》以及其它一些相关的法规。对化妆品标签,美国要求必须标明以下各项内容。一、产品名称。包括对名称、产品性质、用途以及内容物准确净重的描述。如果产品的安全性未经充分检测,则标签上必须注明:本产品的安全性未经确定。二、生…     

美国纸箱业实施"精益生产"

美国纸箱业认为“精益生产”能实现真正的零库存和快速的市场反应机制.“我不会购买,除非所有的经理主管人员都认为成本在持续上涨,他们不会为新科技而支付钞票,除非该技术能够在增加产量的同时把支出分流出他们的系统.”美国包装公司（PCA）的Martin认为,自从上世纪70年代瓦楞纸板制造机的持续研发以来,机械已经有了很大突破.     

Market dominance under U.S. antitrust

Much has transpired since Walter Adams and Horace Gray warned in 1955 about the dangers of state creation of monopoly. The dangers remain the same. But mainstream researchers have led the efforts for deregulation in railroads, airlines, gas and electric utilities, stock markets, banking, and other markets. Chicago-UCLA doctrines have played a part in the 1980s, but they have often run to excess, in advocating deregulation at any cost. One result of that approach has been the savings and loan scandal of the 1980s, where a wholesale removal of all restraints led to unforeseen economic damage.Also among the mainstream instruments, Section 2 has been applied to reduce market dominance in a number of important industries. Section 2 will continue to be only one tool for reducing market power, but it can be important. A renunciation of such an effective instrument is unwise. By helping to lead the mainstream critique of monopoly, Walter Adams has added to important policy actions. The policy-oriented tradition in the profession has been enriched by his skill and erudition.     

Testing for a Structural Change in U.S. Wage Determination

Previous tests for structural changes (slope changes) and shifts (intercept changes) in the Phillips curve and union wage determination specify the date of structural change a priori. This article tests for structural changes and shifts without specifying the change point ex ante . The results support the belief that structural changes occurred in the early 1980s. Contrary to some previous research, however, the results do not support a structural shift in the Phillips curve.     

U.S. industrial intracorporate entrepreneurship practices

This article reports the intracorporate entrepreneurial program (ICEP) practices, or‘venture management’ activities, of 210 American industrial firms. The survey reveals a growing concern among US. industrial enterprises about increasing competition and outlines a viable action-oriented response to these competitive pressures. Motives for creating long-term resource commitments to the creation of new product ventures and new technology divisions in existing companies are explored. A preliminary assessment is made of the effect of such programs on the human resources and performance measures of the organization. A cautious optimism for the successful continued growth of such programs is argued.     

美国废纸回收注重"细节"

到过美国的人经常会看见，在美国的很多城市，每天早晨都有许多大型专用卡车沿街收集在路边的黄纸袋，而黄纸袋里面装的就是废纸品。应该说，美国的每个州和每个城市的管理部门都在想方设法立下许多规矩并创造更多的便利条件，以利于废纸品的回收与再利用，因此美国成为世界上出口废纸最多的国家之一。有消息说在1995年全美废纸回收就达到了3600万吨，其中有1000多万吨出口到了亚洲和欧洲，几乎占其废纸出口总量的300／0还多。更有资料称美国1998年废纸品回收已接近1亿吨，而且据悉到20世纪末美国的废纸品回收利用率已升到了50％以上；联邦政府更是明确地提出意见，要求在全国范围内推广使用再生纸张，以此带动废旧资源的回收利用，达到环保与节约的“双赢”目的。美国现虽无类似于欧盟那样严密全面的包装法令，但作为世界工业大国，美国早在1973年就颁布了《MIL-HDBK742军用包装材料废弃处理标准》，以后在90年代初又制汀了《资源保护与回收利用法》。在美国颁布的《废纸回收标准》中详尽列举了各种纸产品回收标准，在此挑选出与瓦楞纸箱生产行业相关的回收规定和标准，供包装纸张生产企业参考。[编者按]     

美国2001年轮转胶印业前景分析

2000年，激烈的竞争以及熟炼工人的缺乏一直困扰着轮转印刷商，但随着与其他媒体（如网络）的竞争越来越激烈，印刷行业的前景也出现了一些喜人之处，新技术不断地搬上业内的研讨会议事日程，成功的印刷商已不仅对经营的细微之处加以重视，还将生产力的提高，工艺流程的控制，客户的满意度，变化的市场以及员工等问题都摆在了最前端。     

美国研究小组调查DEHP的健康隐患

美国联邦政府的一个研究小组对在PV C医疗器材中应用最广泛的增塑剂D EH P的安全性进行了再次调查,该调查再次引发了人们对某些儿童和孕妇接触该物质的忧虑,但健康的成年人似乎不会受到危害。由于新的研究和公众不断质疑的推动,由全国毒物研究计划组织召集的独立科学家研究小组     

U.S. merger policy and the 1992 Merger Guidelines

This article reviews the empirical evidence regarding the effects of mergers on corporate efficiency. In light of this evidence it then evaluates the effectiveness of U.S. merger policy as articulated in the 1992 Guidelines of the Department of Justice. It argues that the 1992 Guidelines and the U.S. Government's policies toward business more generally over the past 12 years have been characterized by a bias for bigness. It concludes that this bias will only be eliminated when government authorities in charge of merger policy recognize that many mergers lower economic efficiency and design and enforce their policies accordingly.