论银行保函在国际一般货物贸易中的运用

在简要介绍银行保函一般知识的基础上，重点分析付款保函，履约保函，预付款保函三种常用银行保函在一般国际货物贸易中的运用，及其与信用证操作相比具有的明显优势和特点。希望能在国际贸易结算方式的选择上，对出口商有一定的借鉴意义。     

国际工程承包项目中保函的种类和作用

目前，绝大多数的国际工程承包项目都采用公开招标的办法来选择承包商，在投标和合同执行过程中，为了保护业主的利益，业主在投标文件和合同文件中要求投标人或承包商提供保函。在投标过程中投标人递交的保函称为投标保函。评标过程结束后，业主选定了某一投标人作为该项...     

浅谈国内机械设备交易中的银行保函

银行保函广泛的应用于国内机械设备交易的各个环节中。本文首先介绍银行保函及其特点,以及在国内机械设备交易中常见的银行保函类型和开立方式,并结合实际说明保函费用。最后,分析银行保函的风险原因,指出如何在办理保函业务的事前、事中、事后分段进行管理和控制。     

浅谈银行保函

银行保函是指银行应委托人的申请而开立的有担保性质的书面承诺文件，一旦委托人未按与受益人签订合同的约定偿还债务或履行约定义务时．由银行履行担保责任。它有以下两个特点：     

银行保函适用的国际惯例及适用时应注意的问题

银行保函作为一个有效的担保工具,在国际贸易以及国际工程承包项目中被广泛运用。了解并掌握与银行保函相关的国际惯例,利用其规则保护自身合法权益并减少相关的法律风险,是企业开展银行保函业务的现实需要。在银行保函中仅仅约定无条件的、不可撤销的等内容,并不能必然得出该保函是独立担保的结论,银行保函需要法官同时根据保函的内容、当事人的交易习惯等进行综合判断是否符合独立担保的法律特征。因此,如果有可能,应当尽可能在保函中对能够体现独立保函法律特征的内容(条款)进行具体明确的约定。同时,需要根据保函的特点和性质约定保函适用相应的国际惯例。     

银行保函关键风险识别及应对策略

在境外实施工程承包项目过程中,开具银行保函是中国承包商无法规避的,这也是为了保障各方利益、降低项目风险所采取的措施之一。本文针对银行保函有效期风险、索赔风险、转让风险、注销风险等,提出了相应的应对措施,有利于提高风险管理水平,保障中国承包商的利益,降低境外项目的实施风险。     

建筑承包工程中保函规则的发展及应用

为适应我国加入WTO之后与国际惯例的接轨,我国建设领域的工程担保制度逐步开始建立起来,本文首先概述了保函规则的起源及其在国际贸易中的发展,并介绍了工程建设领域常见的保函类型及特点,然后对工程保函中最重要的履约保函进行了研究,分析其“见索即付”的特点及相关的法律问题,最后本文还对具有我国特色的支付保函应用中的问题进行了研究,对解决工程款拖欠问题提出了建议。     

浅谈国际贸易结算中的银行保函问题

2000年,一自称河南客商的外地人来到马王堆某汽车销售公司,要求购买汽车数十台,其出示了一张金额为497万元的商业承兑汇票和一份字面显示为中国农业银行河南西平县支行出具的保函,保函担保金额高达500万元。当时,长沙市农行南同支行的工作人员也在洽谈现场,当时他们对保函就产生了质疑,因为农行规定只有省级分行才有权出具保函, 西平县支行系县级支行,根本无权出具保函,另外,保函有专用表格和格式,而这张保函是用经头文件纸打印的,不符合规定。农行工作人员马上要求对保函进行真伪鉴定,经与河南农行联系,确认这张保函是假的,其公章、私章皆系伪造。由于农行的及时参与和识别,使该汽车销售公司避免了巨额经济损失。“河南客商”在核实保函时借故溜走。     

国际工程保函管理探讨

当前,中国国际工程承包事业有了突飞猛进的发展,在国外市场捷报频传,不断中标大型工程项目或超大型工程项目。但是在不断中标大型项目的同时,我们也应该保持一份冷静。作为国际工程的一个重要特点,保函也越开越多、金额越开越大,其中蕴藏的风险需要我们深入思考,在收获喜悦的同时也应该最大限度地规避风险。     

试论国际工程保函风险防范及措施

近年来,在国家"走出去"战略的号召和各项对外经济与合作的政策扶持下,我国对外承包工程行业得到了长足的发展.但对外承包工程项目具有投资数额大、建设周期长等特点,建设过程中不可控因素较多,因此参与工程建设的各方都面临着较大风险.银行保函作为工程风险转移的一种重要形式,有效地保证了工程建设项目顺利实施.本文针对国际工程保函风险防范和管理问题并结合实际情况提出了一些建议与措施.     

Standardization of intermediate goods and international trade

Abstract.  This paper analyzes the relationship between standardization of intermediate inputs and international trade. We employ a two-country, general equilibrium model with differentiated manufacturing goods. Production of manufacturing goods requires specific intermediate inputs, which can be either specialized or standardized. Standardization and the pattern of trade are determined endogenously in our model. In this framework we derive the effects of trade integration, that is, a decline in trading costs for intermediate goods, on the equilibrium outcome.     

Intermediate goods trade and international wage convergence in Central Europe

The recent literature on international outsourcing points out that cross-border fragmentation of production processes may foster the convergence of international factor prices. This paper makes a first attempt to analyze this hypothesis empirically using a small panel of NACE 2-digit wage data of three Central and Eastern European economies.     

Aid for trade and international transactions in goods and services

The empirical literature on aid for trade (AfT) mainly considers its effects on merchandise trade and investment. In this paper, we provide an in‐depth analysis of the relationship between AfT and trade in services using both aggregate and bilateral data. We find a statistically weak effect of AfT on both goods and services trade in our aggregate analysis once we account for endogeneity in the AfT–trade relationship. In contrast, the bilateral analysis suggests that AfT, in particular that allocated to services activities, especially economic infrastructure, has a positive effect on recipients’ merchandise exports to donor countries. This novel finding is robust across different lag structures and provides evidence of complementarities between services AfT and goods trade.     

Monopoly,intermediate goods and the pure theory of international trade

Conclusion In a model with two traded good sectors between which intersectoral flows of intermediate goods are allowed and with a monopolized non-traded good sector, the wage rate in terms of two traded goods increases and the rental of capital in terms of two traded goods decreases when the price of relatively more labor intensive traded good sector increases, though nothing definite can be said about the direction of change in the wage rate and rental in terms of the non-traded good. When prices of traded goods are kept constant and labor and/or capital increase(s), output of the non-traded good sector increases provided that the non-traded good is not inferior, having income elasticity of demand less than unity. The factor intensity condition for the traded goods is in general not sufficient for the validity of the Rybczynski theorem to hold with respect to net outputs of the traded goods. We have derived sufficient conditions for the magnification effect to be observed with respect to net outputs of the traded good sectors. Specifically, we have shown that the factor intensity condition (23) is sufficient for the magnification effect to prevail when only labor increases.     

Intraindustry trade in intermediate goods

Since intermediate goods play such a vital role in foreign trade, this paper develops a model that explains the benefits from intraindustry trade in differentiated intermediate goods. In comparison with a situation of autarchy, this type of trade causes an increase in the number of intermediate good varieties. In this way, the producers of final goods will benefit from intermediate good varieties, which are closer to the ideal for a specific production process. At the same time, the producers of intermediate goods will, under conditions of international division of labor, benefit from economies of scale.     

我国中药的国际贸易地理分析

目前我国中药出口的地理贸易方向过于集中,市场占有率偏低.本文结合我国中药出口市场的现状,从国际贸易地理环境的角度,具体剖析了造成贸易方向不平衡的原因,提出了四个战略建议,以促进我国中药走向世界,实现国际化.     

Wholesalers in international trade

Recent empirical research in international trade has revealed overwhelming evidence that, in all countries, a remarkably small proportion of firms report exports in Customs statistics. However, a large share of these are wholesalers. This suggests that the number of producers selling their products abroad might be much greater than that suggested by a simple count of the firms directly reporting their exports. This paper sheds light on the role of wholesalers in international trade. Our model uses very general assumptions to show that intermediated exporters may contribute significantly to the extension of countries' export opportunities. The model predicts a twofold role in international trade. First, wholesalers alleviate the difficulty of reaching less-accessible markets. Second, they help less-efficient firms to supply foreign markets, thus increasing the number of exported varieties at the aggregate level. We use French firm-level export data to provide empirical support for these two predictions.