政策性负担、道德风险与预算软约束

本文在一个动态博弈的框架下 ,考察了政策性负担与转轨经济中企业的预算软约束问题。在信息不对称情况下 ,政策性负担将导致国有企业经理的道德风险 ,从而导致国有企业的低效率 ;当市场竞争达到一定程度时 ,政策性负担必然带来国有企业的预算软约束。而且 ,预算软约束同企业的公有制性质无关 ,在同样承担政策性负担的条件下 ,私有企业比国有企业更容易产生预算软约束 ,并且要求政府提供更多的补贴。当国有企业承担政策性负担时 ,政府剥夺企业的生产自主权往往是一种次优的制度安排     

A Moral Hazard Approach to Wage Discounts under Informal Hiring

This study discusses informal hiring in terms of a standard principal–agent model. We have developed an adverse selection model of the labour market where effort is not contractible and employers have the opportunity to use informal search channels for hiring purposes. This standard framework enables us to provide an effort‐based explanation of the wage gap associated with informal hiring. Besides the wage discount, another feature of the equilibrium is that low‐ability workers informally hired shirk.     

道德风险、沉淀成本效应与软预算约束

作者从事后信息不对称--道德风险角度,借助于沉淀成本效应再次解释政府对大型国有企业软预算约束行为,从而扩展了公有产权结构、动态承诺不一致,以及政策性负担等经济解释,进一步认识到解决软预算约束根本在于消除沉淀成本效应,而克服委托代理情况下的道德风险行为是最为根本的,因而设计恰当的制度安排显得十分重要.     

控制权收益、道德风险与软预算约束

Dewatripont-Maskin(1995)将软预算约束描述为一种事前无效,事后有效的动态激励问题,认为信贷的分散化有助于消除软预算约束。文章在DM(1995)模型基础上引入控制权收益变量,论证了事前无效,事后也无效软预算约束的存在条件,指出这种软预算约束本质上是控制权人追求私人收益的道德风险行为。信贷的分散化不足以消除事后无效率的软预算约束。完善的公司治理机制和法律机制是减少事后无效率软预算约束的有效途径。     

道德风险和多产出条件下技术许可中的技术定价机制

利用现代契约经济学的分析方法,从机制设计的角度,分析了道德风险和多种产出条件下技术许可中的技术定价机制。得出如下结论:当道德风险存在于技术使用者一方时,技术所有者采用纯固定费用的技术定价形式;在道德风险和多种产出的条件下,技术所有者确定的固定价格随着似然率的增大而减小,如果似然率具有单调似然率的特点,那么技术所有者确定的固定价格是技术产品产出或其状态的单调递减函数。     

A Cournot Mechanism for Pollution Control under Asymmetric Information

The contribution of this paper is to show that a simple nonlinear tax can achieve a long-run socially optimal level of pollution without the regulator knowing marginal abatement costs. Firms are charged their differential contribution to total damages, evaluated at the upper margin of current emissions. This induces a Cournot game in pollution levels. We show that the Nash equilibrium exists, corresponds to the socially optimal long-run output and emission levels and number of firms, is stable, and can be reached by iterative computations where conjectures are formed using a linear estimator based on past emission levels.     

金融危机背景下信用违约互换道德风险研究

2007年爆发的金融危机中,信用违约互换蕴含的道德风险使其成为危机发生和发展的助推器。本文通过构建信用违约互换交易的合约设计模型,研究该产品的作用以及控制其道德风险的最优合约设计。分析发现:交易双方资金成本差异决定了信用违约互换具有优化配置信用风险、提高银行收益和拓宽市场主体投资渠道等有利作用,但信用违约互换交易会降低银行监督信贷资产的努力水平,导致信用风险积聚和增加。通过引入不完全保护机制,我们给出了有效控制信用违约互换道德风险的最优合约。本文的研究结论为防范和控制信用衍生品隐含的道德风险提供了借鉴,有利于促进其发挥分散信用风险等积极作用。     

产业技术创新联盟防“道德风险”激励机制设计

产业技术创新联盟是中国近年来新出现的一种合作创新组织,其本质是一个合伙型自主工作团队,成员之间互为委托代理关系。运用合作博弈模型,从利益分配角度设计产业技术创新联盟防风险厌恶型成员“道德风险”的相互激励机制。可得出结论：提高联盟产出基数、降低联盟运行成本基数、提高成员产出分享比例,可激励其更加积极努力地投入联盟技术创新活动中。成员的努力程度提高,其个体效用和联盟总福利呈先增后减的趋势,其努力程度会保持在一个适当水平。而针对具有不同风险规避度的联盟成员,其个体效用和联盟总福利则会随着产出分享比例不同而呈现不同的变化趋势。对于风险规避度越高的成员,增加产出分享比例对其效用的边际贡献越小。     

Moral Hazard and Private Monitoring

We clarify the role of mixed strategies and public randomization (sunspots) in sustaining near-efficient outcomes in repeated games with private monitoring. We study a finitely repeated game, where the stage game has multiple equilibria and show that mixed strategies can support partial cooperation, but cannot approximate full cooperation even if monitoring is “almost perfect.” Efficiency requires extensive form correlation, where strategies can condition upon a sunspot at the end of each period. For any finite number of repetitions, we approximate the best equilibrium payoff under perfect monitoring, assuming that monitoring is sufficiently accurate and sunspots are available. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C73, D82.     

Moral Hazard and Other-Regarding Preferences

The paper aims at obtaining new theoretical insights by combining the standard moral hazard models of principal–agent relationships with theories of other-regarding preferences, in particular inequity aversion theory. The principal is in general worse off, as the agent cares more about the wellbeing of the principal. When there are multiple symmetric agents who care about each other's wellbeing, the principal can optimally exploit their other-regarding nature by designing an appropriate interdependent contract such as a "fair" team contract or a relative performance contract. The approach taken in this paper can shed light on issues on endogenous preferences within organizations.     

Moral Hazard and Bargaining Power

Abstract. We introduce bargaining power in a moral hazard framework where parties are risk-neutral and the agent is financially constrained. We show that the same contract emerges if the concept of bargaining power is analyzed in either of the following three frameworks: in a standard principal–agent (P–A) framework by varying the agent's outside opportunity, in an alternating offer game, and in a generalized Nash-bargaining game. However, for sufficiently low levels of the agent's bargaining power, increasing it marginally does affect the equilibrium in the Nash-bargaining game, but not in the P–A model and in the alternating offer game.     

风险投资家的最优激励契约模型研究--一种基于逆向选择和道德风险条件下的博弈模型分析

为减少风险投资融资中风险投资家的逆向选择和道德风险,风险投资者必须设立一套有效的激励机制来让风险投资家选择,从而根据风险投资家选择的结果来甄别其真实能力类型,同时又能激励其努力工作。文章建立了风险投资家能力类型和努力都是不可观测条件下的最优激励契约模型,并根据显示原理,利用最优控制理论求出了最优解进而进行了分析。得出的结论是:最优激励契约能使高能力风险投资家乐于选择具有高强度激励、低固定收入和风险小的项目,同时又能激励其签约后更加努力工作。     

委托代理条件下规避风险投资家道德风险的激励机制探析

委托代理条件下规避风险投资家道德风险一直是学界研究的热点和难点问题之一.由于风险投资家和风险资本家之问的信息不对称,特别是风险投资家难以察觉的私人信息使风险投资契约达成后风险资本家面临道德风险.本文以激励理论为指导,从中国风险投资实践的客观现实出发,初步探析了一个有关规避风险投资家道德风险的激励机制,作为风险投资契约不完备性的补充与完善.     

道德风险存在下董事责任保险市场的保费水平分析

本文通过对董事责任保险市场的介绍,指出在董事责任保险市场中存在着严重的道德风险问题,通过对市场中保险双方行为的博弈分析,得到在道德风险存在下的保费变动范围,并指出防止或减轻董事责任保险市场中道德风险的方法.     

技术许可中道德风险问题的价格契约治理机制研究

本文利用现代契约经济学基本理论，对同一技术条件下、由技术使用者替代性投入行为而产生的道德风险问题的价格契约治理机制进行了分析。分析结果表明，技术所有者总可以设计一种分离价格契约治理道德风险问题，其中，对自己偏好的高成本投入行为采用纯固定费用，而对低成本投入行为采用“固定费用＋提成费”。本文进一步认为，价格契约中提成费比率对成本效率较高的投入行为所造成的扭曲程度，要大干成本效率较低的投入行为。     

Unemployment Insurance under Moral Hazard and Limited Commitment: Public versus Private Provision

This paper analyzes a model of private unemployment insurance under limited commitment and a model of public unemployment insurance subject to moral hazard in an economy with a continuum of agents and an infinite time horizon. The dynamic and steady‐state properties of the optimum private unemployment insurance scheme are established. The interaction between public and private unemployment insurance schemes is examined. Examples are constructed to show that for some parameter values increased public insurance can reduce welfare by crowding out private insurance more than one‐to‐one and that for other parameter values a mix of both public and private insurance can be welfare maximizing.     

基于道德风险的校企合作创新序列机制设计:一种不可再协商契约的视角

在不可再协商契约条件下,通过设计契约中的序列机制,实现校企合作双方真实披露其私人信息,从而减少机会主义行为,促使研发投资达到最优。合作创新序列机制能够提供诱因(或威胁),促使双方自觉放弃投机行为,产生有效的交易结果,使双方的专用资产投资达到最优水平。     

Policy Measures to Alleviate Foreign Currency Liquidity Shortages under Aggregate Risk with Moral Hazard

During the recent global financial crisis, certain central banks introduced two innovative cross‐border operations to deal with the problems of foreign currency liquidity shortages: domestic liquidity operations using cross‐border collateral and operations that supply foreign currency among central banks based on standing swap lines. We show theoretically that central banks improve the efficiency of equilibrium under foreign currency liquidity shortages using these two innovative temporary policy measures.     

Verifiability and Contract Enforcement: A Model with Judicial Moral Hazard

I model the litigation of a contract containing a variable notobservable by courts, hence nonverifiable, unless the rationaland self-interested judge exerts effort. He values the correctruling but dislikes effort. Judicial effort is discretionary.I show that effort cost is inconsequential—"always breach"is equilibrium for any effort cost. But there exists anotherequilibrium where a small breach rate is achieved even withsignificant effort costs. Maximal remedies for breach are notoptimal. Because effort is discretionary, low effort cost increasesbreach. Pretrial negotiations can have a substantial negativeimpact on verifiability under arbitrarily small deviations fromfull rationality.     

委托代理视角下国有企业经营者道德风险的防范

随着公司法人治理结构在国有企业的逐步建立和规范,国有资产所有者和经营者之间建立起一种委托-代理的契约关系,作为代理方的经营者为了谋求自身效用最大化而损害委托人利益的道德风险现象日益突出.本文基于委托代理理论的视角,对国有企业经营者道德风险的表现及成因进行了分析,并认为要有效防范此风险需从强化监督力度、健全激励机制、加快职业化进程和加强思想道德教育等方面着手.