Leveraging the employee voice: a multi-level social learning perspective of ethical leadership

Extending social learning theory to a multi-level perspective, this study proposes a theoretical model that investigates both individual and team-level mechanisms that mediate the effect of ethical leadership on employee voice. Specifically, in terms of an individual-level social learning perspective, we suggest that an ethical leader acts as a prototype of a moral person (i.e. an ethical role model). From a team-level social learning perspective, we propose that, as a moral manager, team ethical leadership will foster an ethical climate within the team which will create a moral context that impacts employees’ behaviors. In both instances, employee voice behaviors will be enhanced through these mechanisms. Evidencing the importance of the interaction between leader behaviors and context for leader effectiveness, we also show that employees are more likely to regard their ethical leaders as ethical role models in a team that highly values ethical conduct (i.e. high in ethical climate). Results obtained from 47 managers and 211 subordinates in China support our theoretical model. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are also discussed.     

Institutional affiliation of contributors to the American Economic Review, 1981–1990

In this article the author examines the institutional origin of authors in theAmerican Economic Review between 1981–90. Institutions are categorized into four broad groups, and rankings of institutions based on the number of pages/articles in theAER are developed. A high correlation is noted between the rankings in this paper and previous similar attempts. The main contribution of this study lies in its updating of earlier work.     

Illuminating the ‘Face’ of Justice: A Meta‐Analytic Examination of Leadership and Organizational Justice

A significant body of research has described effective leader behaviours and has connected these behaviours to positive employee outcomes. However, this research has yet to be systematically integrated with organizational justice research to describe how leader behaviours inform justice perceptions. Therefore, we conduct a meta‐analysis (k = 166, N = 46,034) to investigate how three types of leader behaviours (task, relational, and change) inform four dimensions of organizational justice (procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational) referenced to the leader and to the organization. Further, we examine the joint impact of leader behaviours and justice perceptions on social exchange quality (i.e., leader–member exchange), task performance, and job satisfaction. Our results suggest that leader behaviours differentially inform leader‐ and organization‐focused justice perceptions, and the joint effect of leader behaviours and justice perceptions offer more nuanced explanations for outcomes.     

Exploring the link between research and economic growth: an empirical study of China and USA

In this paper, we explore the link between scientific and technical research and economic growth in China and USA over the sample period 1981–2012 using the extended Cobb–Douglas model with capital per worker and the quantity of scientific and technical journal articles (research publications) per worker. We examine the cointegration relationship and present the short-run and long-run results using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds procedure. Further, we examine the direction of causality between research publications per worker results and economic growth variables using the Toda and Yamamoto (J Econom 66(1–2):225–250, 1995) procedure. Our results indicate for both countries research publications per worker positively influence the output per worker both in the short-run and the long-run. The causality results for China indicate a bi-directional causality between research publications per worker and output per worker, duly emphasizing the mutually reinforcing effect. In case of USA, we note a unidirectional causation output per worker to research publications per worker indicating that output Granger cause research publications.     

Behavior in operations management: Assessing recent findings and revisiting old assumptions

In this paper, we provide a perspective on why behavioral research is critical to the operations management (OM) field, what prior research exists, and what opportunities lie ahead. The use of human experiments in operations management is still fairly novel despite a small stream of publications going back more than 20 years. We develop a framework for identifying the types of behavioral assumptions typically made in analytical OM models. We then use this framework to organize the results of prior behavioral research and identify future research opportunities. Our study of prior research is based on a search of papers published between 1985 and 2005 in six targeted journals including the Journal of Operations Management, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, Production and Operations Management, Management Science, Decision Sciences, and the Journal of Applied Psychology.     

What,when, and who: Manager involvement in predicting employee resistance to acquisition integration

Applying sensemaking research to acquisition integration, we outline factors that influence employee resistance to acquisitions. While integration is widely viewed as important to acquisition outcomes, there is limited systematic study of how employees react to the integration process. Using survey data from Chinese acquirers and applying partial least squares structural equation modeling, we examine what changes with human and task integration with the speed of when changes are made to explore relationships with employee resistance. Consistent with a temporal perspective of acquisition processes and sensemaking we find slower task integration may mitigate employee resistance to acquisition integration. However, employee resistance to the speed that changes are made likely varies for who is involved, suggesting different roles for top and middle managers. Specifically, middle management involvement with slow human integration and top management involvement with fast task integration reduces employee resistance following an acquisition.     

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF TOURISM GROWTH NEXUS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF 100 MOST INFLUENTIAL PAPERS

This study performs the first citation-based systematic literature review of the tourism-growth nexus. The citation analysis provides a bird's eye view of this literature, which, in turn, identifies the sources of knowledge in terms of most influential journals, authors, and articles. A detailed content analysis of 100 most influential papers has been generated on the nature of the study, variables used, country of analysis, type of analysis, the methodology, and the direction of causality. In total, 284 papers were found relevant in the Scopus database using a comprehensive list of keywords. The citation analysis reveals that Tourism Management is the leading journal with a total of 2527 citation counts, whereas Tourism Economics is the leading journal with a total of 41 publications on this topic. Juan Gabriel Brida is the most prolific author, whereas Lee and Chang (2008) is recognized as the most influential paper. The content analysis reveals that 58% have applied time series, and 38% have used panel data analysis. Tourism causing growth is the leading result of both time-series and panel studies. International tourism receipts/earnings/expenditure and the number of international tourist arrivals are the most widely used variables to measure tourism.     

On the Economics of Moral Preferences

Abstract . The long‐standing critique of the “economic model of man” has gained new impetus, not least due to the broadening research in behavioral and experimental economics. Many of the critics have focused on the apparent difficulty of traditional rational choice theory to account for the role of moral or ethical concerns in human conduct, and a number of authors have suggested modifications in the standard model in response to such critique. This article takes issue with a quite commonly adopted “revisionist” strategy, namely, seeking to account for moral concerns by including them as additional preferences in an agent's utility function. It is argued that this strategy ignores the critical difference between preferences over outcomes and preferences over actions, and that it fails to recognize that “moral preferences” belong in the second category. Preferences over actions, however, cannot be consistently accounted for within a theoretical framework that focuses on the rationality of single actions. They require a shift of perspective, from a theory of rational choice to a theory of rule‐following behavior.     

Identifying and addressing fundraising's overarching ethical questions through ethical theory

Purpose

This paper seeks to build on MacQuilllin and Sargeant's (2019) framework for normative fundraising ethics by considering how fundraising professionals might use these theories to support their fundraising practice. In the paper we will seek to identify the higher-level ethical questions that underpin the majority of ethical decisions fundraisers will need to make: decisions around the acceptance and solicitation of donations and we will then seek to address each of these questions through the lens of MacQuilllin and Sargeant's (2019) normative ethical theories.

Approach and methodology

We will abstract from common ethical dilemmas the higher-level or overarching questions that can encompass them. We will then consider each question through the lens of the normative theories developed by MacQuillin and Sargeant (2019), drawing on available evidence to support our arguments.

Findings

Two core questions were identified: 1. Where are the lines in who we approach for/receive resources from for our organisation ? 2. Where are the lines in how we approach people for resources for our organisation?

Originality

To our knowledge, this will be the first academic paper that a) identifies the overarching ethical questions that affect fundraising practice, and b) applies the various normative theories of fundraising ethics directly to them. In practical terms, it may also be particularly useful to fundraising practitioners who want to explore the theories of ethics in relation to the dilemmas they encounter in practice.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Boal, F.W. and Douglas, J.N.H. editors, 1982: Integration and division: geographical perspectives on the Northern Ireland problem. Bourne, L.S. 1981: The geography of housing. Bryce, J. editor, 1981: Cities and firms. Leven, C.L. editor, 1978: The mature metropolis. Clark, T. editor, 1981: Urban policy analysis: directions for future research. Levine, C. and Rubin, I. editors, 1980: Fiscal stress and public policy. de Neufville, J.I. editor, 1981: The land use policy debate in the United States. Foster, M.S. 1981: From streetcar to superhighway: American city planners and urban transportation, 1900–40. Gottfried, R.S. 1982: Bury St Edmunds and the urban crisis: 1290–1539. Grant, W. 1982: The political economy of industrial policy. Hartman, C., Keating, D. and LeGates, R. 1982: Displacement: how to fight it. Herbert, D.T. and Johnston, R.J. editors, 1981: Geography and the urban environment: progress in research and applications. Jones, G.W. editor, 1980: New approaches to the study of central-local government relationships. Keller, S. editor, 1981: Building for women. Lebas, E. (with contributions by Enzo Mingione, Vicente Granados and Gregory Andrusz) 1982: Urban and regional sociology in advanced industrial societies: a decade of Marxist and critical perspectives. Linge, G.J.R. and McKay, J. editors, 1981: Structural change in Australia: some spatial and organizational responses. Madge, C. and Willmott, P. 1981: Inner city poverty in Paris and London. Massey, D. and Meegan, R. 1982: The anatomy of job loss. The how, why and where of employment decline. Schwartz, G.G. editor, 1981: Advanced industrialization and the inner cities. Slowe, P.M. 1981: The advance factory in regional development. Stohr, W. B. and Taylor, D. R. F. editors, 1981: Development from above or below? The dialectics of regional planning in developing countries.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Aganbegyan, A. G. editor, 1981: Regional studies for planning and projecting: the Siberian experience. Barrett, S. and Fudge, C. editors, 1981: Policy and action. Blacksell, M. and Gilg, A. 1981: The countryside: planning and change. Dunn, M., Rawson, M. and Rogers, A. 1981: Rural housing: competition and choice. Shucksmith, M. 1981: No homes for locals. Burgel, G. 1981: Croissance urbain et développement capitaliste. Le ‘miracle’ A thenien. Connolly, W. E. 1981: Appearance and reality in politics. Davidson, R. 1981: Crime and environment. Herbert, D. T. 1982: The geography of urban crime. Harloe, M. editor, 1981: New perspectives in urban change and conflict. Harloe, M. and Lebas, E. editors, 1981: City, class and capital. Herbert, D. J. 1979: Urban development in the third world: policy guidelines. Turner, A. editor, 1980: The cities of the poor. Kuklinski, A. editor, 1981: Polarized development and regional policies: tribute to J. Boudeville. Lobo, S. 1982: A house of my own. Macintyre, S. 1980: Little Moscows. Communism and working-class militancy in interwar Britain. Mingay, G. E. editor, 1981: The Victorian countryside Oakey, R. P. 1981: High technology industry and industrial location: the instruments industry example. Pacione, M. editor, 1981: Urban problems and planning in the developed world. Hardoy, J. E. and Satterthwaite, D. 1981: Shelter need and response — housing, land and settlement policies in seventeen third world nations. Peach, C., Robinson, V. and Smith, S. editors, 1981: Ethnic segregation in cities.     

How Much Revenue Would a Full Land Value Tax Yield?In the United States in 1981, Census and Federal Reserve Data Indicate It Would Nearly Equal All Taxes

Abstract . Most urban economists and particularly specialists in urban public finance consider the land value tax, because of its economic effects and its influence toward rational development, the tax of choice. But could it replace, in whole or in large part, taxes which now burden labor and capital and distort efficient allocation of resources? How important would a full land rent tax's yield be? The U.S. Bureau of the Census provides data which, adjusted for errors and omissions, indicates that the annual land rent for 1981 was $721 billion. Federal Reserve Board data, similarly adjusted, indicates annual land rent for that year was $590.38 billion Hence we may say that a full land rent tax would yield something around $658 billion in 1981, or 28 percent of the 1981 national income. This is nearly two thirds of all taxes levied by all levels of government in 1981, and, with user charges and similar fees continued, it is probably equal or nearly equal to burdensome taxes.     

A labor perspective on fair pay: High-performance work at Corning,Inc.

The Corning-American Flint Glass Workers Union (AFGWU) partnership agreement provides a test case for the possibility of a more egalitarian and productive workplace. However, a conflict over fair compensation for high-performance work could become a major barrier to the realization of that promise. A model of fair pay is suggested, proposing that a goal of minimizing the job and pay hierarchy and maximizing the return for employee contributions would facilitate “ethical partnership” and create incentives for high-performance work. Former Shop Steward, Executive Board member, President of AFGWU Local 1000, Corning, New York. (Organizational affiliation given for identification purposes only. The opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and in no manner, whether written or implied, represent a view that is endorsed or sanctioned by the AFGWU.)     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Katznelson, I. 1981: City trenches. Urban politics and the patterning of class in the United States. Law, C. 1981: British regional development since world war I. Lee, M.-G. editor, 1981: Toward a new community life: reports of the international Research Seminar on the Sae Maul Movement. Martin, R. L. editor, 1981: Regional wage inflation and unemployment. National Committee on Pilot Schemes to Combat Poverty 1981: Final report. Pilot schemes to combat poverty in Ireland 1974–80 Newton, K. 1980: Balancing the books: financing problems of local government in west Europe. Sharpe, L. J. editor, 1981: The local fiscal crisis in western Europe: myths and realities. Pacione, M. editor, 1981: Problems and planning in third world cities. Saunders, P. 1981: Social theory and the urban question.     

Tax implementability of fair allocations

This paper examines the tax implementability of allocations based on fairness as no-envy (or envy-freeness) and its alternatives, by a tax schedule that depends on labor supply and gross income ((y,l)-implementability). A relevant incentive constraint is perishability of abilities, where agents can exert a lower ability level than they actually possess. We first show that in any economy, every envy-free allocation is (y,l)-implementable. On the other hand, whereas we already know that no-envy may be incompatible with first-best Pareto efficiency, the alternative equity concepts which circumvent this first-best equity-efficiency trade-off meet the obstacle of tax implementability even when labor supply is observable. We also clarify necessary and sufficient domain restrictions under which the egalitarian equivalent allocations satisfy the (y,l)-implementability condition.Received: 15 November 2002, Accepted: 7 July 2004, JEL Classification: D63, D78, H21Yukihiro Nishimura: A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Economics Association (McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) and the Sixth International Conference of Society of Social Choice and Welfare (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA). The author acknowledges Koichi Tadenuma, Francois Maniquet, Shinji Yamashige, Kotaro Suzumura, Paul Makdissi, Robin Boadway, Georg Tillmann, Stefan Dodds, the Associate Editor and anonymous referees for helpful comments. The usual disclaimer follows. Financial support from the Department of Economics and the School of Graduate Studies of Queens University, the Yokohama Academic Foundation and the Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) from the Ministery of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is gratefully acknowledged.     

The association between two random elements: A complete characterization and odds ratio models

For random elements X and Y (e.g. vectors) a complete characterization of their association is given in terms of an odds ratio function. The main result establishes for any odds ratio function and any pre-specified marginals the unique existence of a corresponding joint distribution (the joint density is obtained as a limit of an iterative procedure of marginal fittings). Restricting only the odds ratio function but not the marginals leads to semi-parmetric association models for which statistical inference is available for samples drawn conditionally on either X or Y. Log-bilinear association models for random vectors X and Y are introduced which generalize standard (regression) models by removing restrictions on the marginals. In particular, the logistic regression model is recognized as a log-bilinear association model. And the joint distribution of X and Y is shown to be multivariate normal if and only if both marginals are normal and the association is log-bilinear.Acknowledgements The author thanks both referees for their helpful comments which improved the first draft of the paper.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Anning, N. et al. 1980: Squatting: the real story. Bairoch, P. and Lévy-Leboyer, M. editors, 1981: Disparities in economic development since the industrial revolution. Diani, M. 1978: Déplacements quotidiens de main d'oeuvre et conflits dans la région milanaise. Freyssenet, M. 1979: Division du travail et mobilisation quotidienne de la main d'oeuvre. Les cas Renault et Fiat. Gudgin, G. and Taylor, P.J. 1979: Seats, votes, and the spatial organisation of elections. Merrill, R.L. 1981: Political redistricting and geographic theory. Hoffmann, G.W. editor, 1981: Federalism and regional development: case studies on the experience in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. Ravetz, A. 1980: Remaking cities. Rees, J., Hewings, C. J. D. and Stafford, H. A. editors, 1981: Industrial location and regional systems. Réseau ‘Modes de vie’ 1981: Approches sociologiques des modes de vie. Débats en cours. Rodwin, L. 1981: Cities and city planning. Simmie, J. 1981: Power, property and corporatism: the political sociology of planning. Sternlieb, G. and Hughes, J.W. 1981: The future of rental housing. Gilderbloom, J. editor, 1981: Rent control: a source book. Stewart, A. 1981: Housing action in an industrial suburb. Sutcliffe, A. editor, 1981: British town planning: the formative years.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Arnold, V. L. editor, 1980: Alternatives to confrontation. Ashford, D. E. editor, 1980: National resources and urban policy. Marshall, D. R. editor, 1979: Urban policy making. Black, J. 1981: Urban transport planning. Burkhart, L. C. 1981: Old values in a new town: the politics of race and class in Columbia, Maryland. Johnson, D. and Campbell, R. 1981: Black migration in America: a social demographic history. Cherry, G. C. editor, 1981: Pioneers in British planning. Cornford, A. J. 1979: The market for owned houses in England and Wales since 1945. Kemeny, J. , 1981: The myth of homeownership Dunleavy, P. 1980: Urban political analysis: the politics of collective consumption. Dunleavy, P. 1981: The politics of mass housing in Britain 1945–75. A study of corporate power and professional influence in the welfare state. Gittell, M. Hoffacker, B. Rollins, E. Foster, S. and Hoffacker, M. 1980: Limits to citizen participation: the decline of community organizations. Zald, M. N. and McCarthy, J. D. editor, 1979: The dynamics of social movements: resource mobilization, social control and tactics. Howell, J. M. and Stamm, C. F. 1980: Urban fiscal stress; a comparative analysis of 66 US cities. Rossi, P. H. 1980: Why families move, second edition. Clark, W. A. V. and Moore, E. G. editors, 1980: Residential mobility and public policy. (Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, volume 19). Touraine, A. 1981: The voice and the eye: an analysis of social movements. Swenarton, M. 1981: Homes fit for heroes.     

Elections and strategic positioning games

We formalize the interplay between expected voting behavior and strategic positioning behavior of candidates as a common agency problem in which the candidates (i.e., the principals) compete for voters (i.e., agents) via the issues they choose and the positions they take. A political situation is defined as a feasible combination of candidate positions and expected political payoffs to the candidates. Taking this approach, we are led naturally to a particular formalization of the candidates' positioning game, called a political situation game. Within the context of this game, we define the notion of farsighted stability (introduced in an abstract setting by Chwe 1994) and apply Chwe's result to obtain existence of farsightedly stable outcomes. We compute the farsightedly stable sets for several examples of political situations games, with outcomes that conform to real-world observations.Received: 18 May 2001, Accepted: 22 January 2002, JEL Classification: C7, D7, D8Myrna H. Wooders: http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/Economics/wooders/An earlier version of this paper was completed while the first author was visiting the Department of Economics, University of Exeter. The first author gratefully acknowledges Exeter's support and hospitality. Similarly, the second author gratefully acknowledges the support and hospitality of the Centre for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE) of the University of Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium and of the University of Cergy-Pontoise, France. Both authors are indebted to Amrita Dhillon, John Duggan and Gilat Levy for helpful comments about references. Both authors thank an anonymous referee for helpful comments.