Evaluating the impacts of government policy through the long view of life history

The research reported in this paper uses life history analyses of Indigenous entrepreneurs to address the following question: How do individuals engaged in entrepreneuring incorporate their experience of government policy into their self-narratives, and what affects are apparent on attitudes towards, and the objectives of, their entrepreneurial activity? Subsequently, the paper makes two contributions to conceptual debates within entrepreneurship and small business studies. Firstly, the paper shows the value of life history methodology narratives in providing insights into entrepreneuring processes over time, particularly in understanding how to evaluate the impact of enterprise animation policies. Secondly, the particular focus upon Indigenous entrepreneurs affords some purchase on recent debates relating to the purpose and potential of enterprise policies aimed at those defined as socially and economically excluded [Blackburn, R., and M. Ram. 2006. Fix of fixation? The contributions and limitations of entrepreneurship and small firms to combating social exclusion. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 18, no. 1: 73–89]. The paper's findings show that life history analysis has an important role to play in developing our understanding of entrepreneurship as a process. Moreover, evaluations of enterprise policy should pay more attention to temporally extensive impacts on individuals over their life course, and not limit evaluative efforts to programme specific factors.     

增值税转型对固定资产投资的影响与对策

增值税税收政策由生产型转变为消费型,财政税收制度的这一大改革对我国企业的固定资产投资方面产生了一定的影响。文章仅就该政策的实施带来的问题进行了讨论,并就企业解决这一问题,最大化地利用这项政策优惠提出对策建议。     

分税制改革对地方政府财政职能的影响研究

分税制通过对中央与地方事权、财政收入的重新界定,解决了分级包干财政时期出现的中央财政调控能力下降的问题,但随着经济社会的发展,分税制体制不完善带来的弊端也逐渐显露,地方政府为了弥补自己的财政赤字而产生的土地财政及一系列社会问题在一定程度上阻碍了我国社会的发展,分税制改革并没有完成。因此,分税制还需要进行完善以适应当前我国国情,较好的解决地方政府财政面临的问题,完善分税制财政体制。     

The spatial effects of a tax on housing and land

This paper analytically investigates the spatial consequences of a tax on housing and land. In general, a property tax is not spatially neutral; instead it disproportionately affects certain parts of the city. The property tax can therefore create distributional inequities and can distort the pattern of residential and industrial location. We derive conditions on locational preferences and housing production that determine which parts of a city will be disproportionately affected by a property tax. Empirical estimates suggest that central locations will be disproportionately affected by property taxes.     

Screening the impacts of municipal service policy changes

The planning of municipal service delivery systems requires accurate forecasts of demand, and particularly of the effects the quality of service delivery has on demand. A metholology for this problem should meet three criteria, if it is to be useful for municipal planning: it must be low-cost and use generally available data; it must be based on user behavior, so that the effects of policy changes can be correctly attributed; and it must allow testing of the transferability of the results, since this is required for general forecasting use. This paper develops such a methodology, based on econometric analysis of data from a number of service areas within a number of regions, forming a double cross-section. Empirical tests of the methodology were performed for two local government services where the effect of service quality on demand is important: sewer and highway construction, which have been hypothesized to affect the patterns of development within regions; and solid waste collection, where the level of service provided affects how much waste enters the collection system and how much is littered, burned or recycled. The two case studies and other analyses suggest that the methodology is a useful tool for testing whether policy changes have an effect on the demand for service, but not for accurate demand forecasting. Thus, these simple models are relevant for the role of screening the effect of policy changes, but more detailed and localized approaches are necessary for system design.     

当前土地政策的要点

两种土地,两种农民,三种和益主体,构成了今天中国城乡土地问题的基本利益结构。当前问题的真正焦点是农村非农用地如何在城市化进程中转移用作城市发展     

土地政策参与宏观调控研究综述

土地政策作为宏观调控的重要手段是经济理论的重要创新。对国内外对其进行研究的相关文献进行了梳理和评述,指出目前的研究主要集中在土地政策宏观调控理论依据、目标和任务、调控路径和实施手段、绩效评价等几个方面;并对未来该领域的研究进行了展望。     

论当前的宏观需求调控与税收政策调整

六年来 ,我国国民经济运行中出现的供过于求局面 ,既标志着我国曾长期存在的短缺状态的结束 ,也表明供求平衡的难点已由供给转向需求。在当前的需求调控中 ,正确认识税收政策作为总量政策与结构政策所具有的宏观调控功能 ,通过税制结构与税负结构的调整 ,税制体系的完善与税制本身的规范 ,以及流转税价税模式的转变 ,税收政策可以从中发挥重要的作用     

The effects of tax and regulatory changes on commercial bank dividend policy

The literature concerning the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) is extensive, but generally does not consider dividend policy changes related to TRA’s passage. One exception is Casey et al., but that work omits banking. An examination of banks is especially apt given TRA’s changes in tax rates and municipal bond categorization. Results show bank dividend policy to be different from other industries, as banks show no relation to past growth rates, beta, or an insider ownership as Rozeff’s model holds. The results support the idea that the lower the taxes, the higher the payout which is contrary to the dividend irrelevancy argument. However, the results are not robust in tests using data from a later period meant to more closely examine changing capitalization requirements’ impact on dividend policy.     

The existence of a real value-added function in the Canadian manufacturing sector

Sims (1969), Gordon (1969), and Arrow (1972) have demonstrated that the capability of using real value-added to measure the output of a sector when material inputs are employed in the production process rests upon primary factor inputs being weakly separable from material inputs. In Canada, the double deflation technique is used by Statistics Canada to measure the real value-added output of an industry; this technique assumes strong separability. This paper tests both of these separability hypotheses for the Canadian manufacturing sector using data from 1950 to 1972 and a translogarithmic production function. Our tests lead us to reject both the strong and weak separability hypotheses. Furthermore, our estimates of the Allen partial elasticity of substitution of capital for labor are radically different from the results of previous Canadian studies.     

The analysis of corporate governance policy and corporate financial performance

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the quality of corporate governance policy and the firm financial performance and. Data were collected from Corporate Library. A sample of 3,068 firms from the database of 2010 Corporate Library was analyzed. Logistic regression models were employed and SPSS statistical package was utilized to perform the analysis. Our results show that when firms have better corporate governance policies, they are more likely to perform better. Specifically, when firms have a better board rating, compensation policy, takeover defense strategy, accounting practice, and a formal governance policy, they are more likely to perform better than their counterparts without such quality corporate governance policies.     

关于土地出让金纳入物业税的探讨

本文分析了有关土地出让金管理的两种看法,认为将土地出让金纳入物业税是物业税改革的方向和目标.但是应当分步完成,第一步是将土地出让金改为土地补偿金,由税务机关征收;第二步是将土地出让金全部纳入物业税管理.     

论我国现行土地制度对物业税的影响

本文基于土地所有权与土地使用权可以相对分离,土地使用权具有物权特性,土地使用权人享有相应期限内的土地收益权,对土地使用权课征不动产税可以弥补土地出让制度的缺陷,可以规范中央与地方的财政分配关系等方面的分析认为,虽然中外土地制度存在差异,但是中国土地公有制并不能成为开征不动产税的障碍。     

优化税收政策环境,促进高新技术产业的发展

高新技术产业在我国社会经济发展中有着举足轻重的地位和作用,高新技术产业的发展离不开国家政策特别是税收政策的支持。但现行的税收政策还存在着许多问题,制约了高新技术产业的进一步发展。文章针对这些问题进行分析,并就如何优化促进高新技术产业发展的税收政策环境作进一步探讨。     

土地政策对北京市商服用地市场的影响

根据土地供应政策的变化,将北京市商服用地市场的发展分为三个阶段,分析土地供应政策对商服用地市场的影响;同时,运用土地竞租曲线和土地-资本替代弹性方法分析商服用地招拍挂出让市场的变化.     

基于土地保障功能的征地补偿测算

在分析传统征地补偿政策的基础上,结合南京市的具体调查数据,指出传统思路的缺陷和主要问题,并提出了以土地保障功能为导向的征地补偿新思路.     

政府在高新技术产业化中的作用

在社会主义市场经济条件下,推进高新技术产业的发展需依靠市场的力量,但是这并不意味着削弱或放弃政府的主导作用。政府是设计创新制度的重要力量,政府的角色定位对创新主体的行为具有重要影响,高新技术产业化离不开政府的引导与扶持。     

城市经营:城市政府的特殊经济职能

在论述经营与管理作为政府的不同经济职能基础上,又在国家层次上探讨了经济学中政府的一般经济职能中内含的经营职能;此外,通过对从相对封闭的国家经济系统的经济管理走向开放的国际环境中的“国家经营”与在国内统一市场和国际开放环境中的城市经营的关系的分析,以及对作为地方竞争中的城市经营的城市政府职能和作为国家经济管理中的城市政府的一般经济职能的关系的论述,论证了城市经营是城市政府一般经济职能中的特殊部分。     

转轨时期我国中央、地方政府的经济博弈分析

在经济转轨时期，中央与地方的博弈关系是市场化改革过程中的必然产物。在中央的一系列放权让利的改革过后，地方无论是在制度变迁还是在财政分配博弈的过程中都逐渐占据了主导地位，频繁的政策变更已经不能对中央与地方的关系加以约束，取而代之的必然是强制性的法律体系约束。     

Market models of local government: Exit,voting, and the land market

This paper explores linkages between exit, voting, and the land market that are central to the study of local politics. It raises new questions about the desirability of Tiebout-type governmental structures. Decentralized political and locational choice may not produce an equilibrium solution, and when an equilibrium does exist, the outcome will be dependent upon the historical accidents of community size. The effect of migration on public choices depends on the preferences and incomes of migrants, on the production function for public services, and on the price of land. Migration may lead to public choices that generate more migration in the same or the opposite direction.