分众：逃离不确定

在2008年即将结束之时，分众传媒延续了其“每年发生一件大事”的历史传统，在国内新媒体领域制造了一起10亿美元级的并购案。12月22日，新浪宣布增发4700万普通股，收购分众传媒旗下楼宇、框架和卖场广告相关资产，按上一交易日新浪收盘价计算，交易涉及金额13．74亿美元：尽管这一次，新浪成为这起并购名义上的主角，但却依然使人们对历经惨淡2008年的分众传媒重新充满想象。     

女王商学院IPO投资行为的真相

谈到股票市场的首日回报，许多研究都一直在低估IPO的股票价格。IPO的股价常常会比主要承销商最初认购的价格水平冲高很多。平均来说，在1980～2001年期间，首日的回报大约在18％～20％左右。1999年，股票市场开始真正繁荣起来，IPO回报的平均水平为71．7％：2000年低了些，平均水平为56．1％。仅两年就聚集了650亿美元，这可是一大笔钱。那些参与IPO的幸运投资者实际上仅在一天内就收获650亿美元。     

资本市场看亚信

从图1可以看出,2000年的网络泡沫 破灭以后,亚信的股价一蹶不振,从92.38美元的高价一直下跌,最低探至2.88美元(2002年10月9日),目前价位稳定在7—8美元的历史低位。 从图2可以看出,受高科技泡沫破裂影响,2000年以来亚信的股价和纳斯达克指数均受到了很大的打击,但是亚信的跌幅远远大于后者。 2003年2月底,张醒生就任亚信CEO。从图3和图4看,亚信的股价在3月初跌至     

国际油服公司的市场应变之道

正油服公司为维持竞争力,依然在研发上投入巨资。2014年下半年开始,国际油价高台跳水。WTI原油从每桶107美元的价格持续下跌,在2016年2月创出每桶26美元的低位,之后缓步回升,2017年底维持在每桶60美元左右,2018年5月更是突破每桶70美元。在近4年的"寒冬期"里,不少国际油服公司经历     

1国际油价突破每桶70美元各国加强节能和新能源开发

进入2005年,国际油价在2004年强劲攀升的基础上,继续屡屡创出历史新高.3月18日美国WTI期货合约报收于56.72美元/桶,创下该交易所1983年3月推出原油合约以来的历史最高点;5月27日,首次突破60美元/桶心理大关;8月29日,当"卡特里娜"飓风直扑美国核心石油生产基地--墨西哥湾之际,WTI期货合约跃升到创纪录的70.80美元/桶.全年,美国WTI、英国布伦特原油价格分别达到56.44美元/桶和54.38美元/桶,比上年增长15～16美元/桶左右,大大超过上年10美元/桶左右的平均涨幅.     

油价暴跌对纯苯产业影响巨大

<正>2014年下半年以来,纯苯及上游石脑油价格跟随原油跌幅高达60%左右,但毛利并无太大变化。预计2015年纯苯及石脑油价格仍在低位徘徊。2014年6月中下旬,国际原油期货达年内最高点,WTI和布伦特原油分别是107.26美元/桶和115.06美元/桶。此后,国际油价开始漫长的深跌之路,截至2015年1月30日,历时半年有余的大跌底部隐约出现,WTI和布伦特原油最低点分别为44.45美元/桶和46.59美元/桶,二者跌幅分别达到58.56%和59.51%。     

国际油价再度飙升振荡及其可能的影响分析

今年伊始，正当业内外人士为去年末国际油价自10月25日冲高至55．67美元／桶的历史最高价位后振荡回落至约40美元／桶左右水平而略松一口气之时．国际油价又开始了新一波的强劲攀升，进入3月份后更是一路猛涨。屡创新高，并于4月初再度飙升。创下历史新高，逼近60美元／桶大关。自1月3日到4月4日的三个月中．美国WTI原油价格自42．12美元／桶猛升至58．28美元／桶．涨幅高达38．4％，     

外媒称长城汽车将超过法拉利,成为全球最赚钱车企

据彭博社报道,从2008年低谷到现在,长城汽车股价已经激增了60倍,长城董事长魏建军也随之成为亚洲最富有的车企高管,在其准备打造中国首个全球汽车品牌的同时,财富达到65亿美元。根据彭博社富豪指数,魏建军目前的财富值比现代董事长郑梦九高出10亿美元。     

拷贝模式还是中国特色

百度上市,又重新燃起了人们拷贝美国模式的热情。北京时间8月5日晚11点40,百度总裁李彦宏等4位上市团队成员和纳斯达克的“红马夹”们,一起目睹了百度在纳斯达克的起点。百度首日交易以66美元跳空高开,盘中股价最高摸至151.21美元,收盘于122.54美元,较27美元的发行价上涨了354%,市值达39亿美元。首日交易结束后,百度暂时成为中国在纳斯达克上市公司中市值最大、唯一股价超过100美元的公司。8月12日,经过一周交易的百度股价收盘于95美     

"高油价"时代即将来临

一年多来，国际原油市场价格从每桶30美元涨到40美元以上，从2004年7月开始，原油价格接连突破50、55美元大关，10月1日，纽约期货交易所WTI原油价格达到了每桶50．12美元。10月22日，纽约油市再创历史新高，达到了令人瞠目的每桶55．17美元，与此同时，伦敦交易所布伦特原油期货价格每桶也升到了51．22美元的历史高位，     

A note on dominant firm market share and economic performance

The hypothesis of a positive concentration-profits relationship has been one of the most thoroughly tested in economics. Market share has been used in a number of these studies as a measure of horizontal dominance by a firm in an industry. Although these studies have shown empirically that a positive relationship exists between market share and rates of return, little theoretical evidence for this relationship exists. The price leadership model can be used to show that a continuous, direct relationship exists between market share and competitive injury. From a simulation exercise based upon the price leadership model, a positive association is demonstrated between increasing market share of the dominant firm (or collusive leading firms) and increasing competitive injury (as evidenced by a greater divergence between the competitive versus price leadership price-output decisions). This exercise establishes market share as a fundamental structrual variable in describing the short run competitiveness within the industry. The results of this model imply that intra-industry cross section studies, utilizing a carefully defined price leader(s) and price followers dictomy, should yield better statistical fits. At the present stage of empirical testing, however, only the roughest approximations using rather arbitrary definitions of the price leader-follower dichotomy have been made.     

腾讯显形

原本一直让人觉得"模糊"但是潜力巨大的腾讯,现在终于要通过发动一场在线广告的战役来"定江山"了。马化腾最近经常与人提起自己的"火炬手"身份。     

Regulation and the Development of Competition in the U.K. Gas Supply Industry

When the U.K. gas supply industry was privatised, it retained its monopoly vertically integrated structure. We discuss the forces which led to the deregulation of the U.K. gas supply industry. Important factors in the process include a number of critical reports by the regulatory authorities, the growth of alternative gas supplies including the development of the spot-market, and the success of independents in gaining market share in markets opened up to competition. We also present surveys of gas users and independent gas suppliers and find that price advantage has been the critical factor in the increase in market share gained by the independent gas suppliers.     

厂商市场份额的品牌经济模型及其现实解释

厂商的市场份额决定了其利润率,从而决定了厂商能否在残酷的竞争中生存、增长与发展。而在经济过剩的条件下,消费者的选择决定了厂商的市场份额,货币价格与品牌及品牌信用度决定的选择成本作为消费者选择和购买过程中的局限条件制约和影响着消费者的选择与购买。本文建立起引入品类需求强度系数、价格、选择成本的需求函数,并以此模型解释了厂商市场份额的决定是通过价格机制与品牌机制共同作用而实现的。在理论分析的基础上,对大量的现实进行了解释,在验证该模型的同时,对未来市场竞争及厂商市场份额做出了预测。同时,本文提出了提高厂商市场份额与定价权的＂品类需求强度—品牌信用度＂二维模型,并分别从开发具有较高品类需求强度的品类市场和提高品牌信用度的品牌建设方面给现实中的厂商提供了相应策略。     

The advantage of being first and competition between firms

It is frequently suggested that the first brand in a product market enjoys a price advantage over its imitators due to imperfect information about product quality. This article considers the effect of this advantage on prices and market shares in a dominant firm price leadership model. An established firm with a price advantage faces free entry by firms producing unbranded products (generics). In equilibrium, the first brand enjoys a market share advantage over entrants in entry and post entry periods. If the initial price disadvantage is large, entry will not occur.     

Target pricing: Demand-side versus supply-side approaches

The practice of target pricing has been a key factor in the success of Japanese manufacturers. In the more commonly known demand-side approach, the target price for the supplier equals the manufacturer's market price less a percent margin for the manufacturer but no cost-improvement expenses are shared. In the supply-side approach, cost-improvement expenses are shared and the target price equals the supplier's cost plus a percent margin for the supplier. Using a general oligopoly and Cournot duopoly models, we characterize the equilibrium and optimal policy for each approach under various conditions. We find that sharing cost-reduction expenses allows the manufacturer using the supply-side approach to attain competitive advantage in the form of increased market share and higher profit, particularly in industrial conditions where margins are thin and price sensitivities are high.     

The Impact of the Entry of Biosimilars: Evidence from Europe

Biologics represent a substantial and growing share of the U.S. drug market. Traditional “small molecule” generics quickly erode the price and share of the branded product upon entry, however only a few biosimilars have been approved in the US since 2015, thereby largely preserving biologics from competition. We analyze European markets, which have had biosimilar competition since 2006. Using our own survey, we analyze how market features and public policies predict biosimilar entry, price, and penetration, finding significant heterogeneity across countries and products. Effective buyer institutions are associated with increased biosimilar penetration. Our estimates can inform ongoing policy discussions.     

Optimal pricing and advertising strategy for introducing a new business product with threat of competitive entry

The problem of optimal joint pricing and advertising decision making for a new product facing potential competitive entry has received inadequate attention. We propose a model that attempts to find the optimal price-advertising frontier in the face of potential competitive entry that maximizes total discounted profits for pre- and post-entry periods. We find that a firm would charge the price that equates price elasticity to marginal revenue product of advertising (as predicted by [Dorfman, R. and Steiner, P.O. (1954), Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality, American Economic Review, 44(5), 826-836.]) only when the potential effects of pricing and advertising on its market share are not considered. Under optimal conditions, aware that market share is subject to erosion, the firm charges a somewhat lower price than the profit maximizing price, and sets an advertisement expense that is somewhat higher than the profit-maximizing advertising level as predicted by Cournot's monopolistic setting. We illustrate the applicability of our model using business product examples taken from several industries including operating systems, software, pharmaceutical, and telephone switching. Directions for future research with implications for B2B managers (for example, the possible effects of preannouncement to forestall competitive entry) are discussed.     

Fuzzy products

A fuzzy product (FP) has characteristics specified only imprecisely at time of sale. Building fuzziness into its product gives a firm flexibility to exploit favorable supply opportunities that arise between sale and delivery, and so reduce expected costs. While increased competition reduces price, the effect on fuzziness is ambiguous. Socially-optimal fuzziness is characterized. Firms provide goods that are too fuzzy compared to first-best, though entry serves to correct this inefficiency for certain types of goods. Considering competition with a niche good, a FP sells for a lower price, although it captures a larger market share and is more profitable.     

How far down the path to free trade? The importance of rice price stabilization in developing Asia

International trade agreements are pushing the world in the direction of free trade. But price stabilization, which is inconsistent with completely free trade, remains important in developing Asia because of the large share of rice in economic output. A policy of pure price stabilization for rice, without consistent protection (either subsidization or taxation), can help to create the macroeconomic stability that is essential for sustained rapid economic growth by increasing the quantity and efficiency of investment throughout the economy. Pure price stabilization can also generate significant equity gains by protecting poor consumers and farmers from sharp fluctuations in prices. While domestic commodity price stabilization schemes have a checkered history around the world, the experience of Asian countries in stabilizing rice prices offers more scope for optimism. Asian governments have been generally successful in stabilizing rice prices, and there are several instances where this has been accomplished without sustained protection of either consumers or farmers. However, there is room for improved stabilization mechanisms that would lower the costs of intervention.