论我国社会养老保险制度的整合

产生于不同历史条件下的我国各类社会养老保险制度,呈现出明显的城乡二元结构和"碎片化试点"等特征。建立健全政府补贴和个人缴费相结合形式的社会养老保险制度是我国社会养老保险制度的发展方向。我国社会养老保险制度整合路径和实现步骤主要包括:将国家政府机关、事业单位人员养老金制度由现收现付模式改革为"社会统筹+个人账户"相结合模式;将城镇职工基本养老保险制度、有固定工作农民工养老保险制度整合为城乡职工社会养老保险制度;进一步加大新农保、城居保制度的整合力度,实现城乡居民社会养老保险制度的实际运作;在此基础上,将城乡居民社会养老保险制度、城乡职工养老保险制度、公务员社会养老保险制度整合为国民养老金制度,建立多层次的社会养老保险制度。     

中国基本养老保险“统账结合”制度的反思与重构

长期以来,我们将社会统筹与个人账户相结合(简称"统账结合")的基本养老保险制度界定为"部分积累制".导致出现了社会保险"税费之争"、个人账户"空账"和中央政府责任无限放大等现实问题,其根源在于养老金转制成本及其清偿责任没有得到有效落实.因此,应从根本上改革现行基本养老保险制度结构,建立包括基础养老金(国民养老金)、个人账户养老金(强制性企业年金)和自愿性企业年金在内的三支柱养老金体系,并通过个人账户养老基金投资运营和"划资偿债"等措施保障三支柱养老金制度可持续发展.     

建立城乡统一的社会养老保险制度——基本理念、基本路径与制度模式

目前中国养老保险制度存在"碎片化"的现象,它增加了制度衔接的难度和重复参保的可能性,不利于统筹层次的提高,也拉大了不同群体之间的收入差距,未来建立城乡统一的社会养老保险制度是必然趋势。建立城乡统一的社会养老保险制度应坚持统筹城乡发展和基本公共服务均等化的理念,其基本路径为:第一步,将现有的养老保险制度整合到城乡居民基本养老保险和城镇职工基本养老保险制度中来;第二步,改革机关事业单位退休金制度,将其整合到城镇职工基本养老保险制度中来,并实现城乡养老保险制度的无缝衔接;第三步,建立"国民年金+强制性个人年金"模式的城乡统一的社会养老保险制度。     

浅析我国养老金制度的改革

我国是一个人口众多的发展中国家,已经进入老龄化社会。经济转型和老龄化的双重压力,制约着我国经济高速、有效的发展。文章通过介绍我国养老金的发展历程和改革现状,进而讨论我国养老金制度的缺陷,并给出相应的改革方向——建立统一的养老保险制度和由"三支柱"向"多支柱"转变。     

中国统一的最低养老保险制度实现路径、挑战和机制

中国养老保险制度以缴费型的第一支柱为主体、统账结合和城乡差距明显的现实,决定了将现有的城镇职工养老保险、灵活就业人员养老保险和新农保制度中基本养老金确定为最低养老金,将城乡最低养老金按照不同的速度逐渐调整为统一的最低养老金并使其覆盖全体老年人,就成为了中国统一最低养老保险的现实路径。要实现统一的最低养老保险,就要在待遇端构建城乡基础养老金的调整及统一机制,在缴费端优化统账结构并构建中国养老保险个人缴费减免补偿机制。     

完善养老金个人账户——瑞典的经验及启示

养老问题一直是社会各界普遍关注的热点问题,近些年来,国际上有很多国家都对养老金制度进行了改革。现阶段在我国社会养老保险体系既有路径和资源约束条件下,我国养老金个人账户的运行与管理在实践中存在很多的难点、痛点问题,亟须破解。瑞典于1999年实施了养老金名义账户制改革,并且建立了多支柱的养老保险体系。此次养老保险制度改革使瑞典养老金制度实现了代际平衡和财务稳定,确保了制度有效良性运行。本文全面梳理了瑞典基本养老金个人账户制的实践历程,深刻分析其改革的内在逻辑及实施路径,为我国养老保险制度改革、完善个人账户和建立多层次社会保险体系提供有益的经验及启示。     

养老金制度改革的政策取向与专业性养老保险公司的市场定位

构建和完善多支柱的养老金制度体系是中国养老金制度改革的长期目标。立足于中国养老金制度改革的具体实践和未来走向,专业性养老保险公司应合理定位,积极介入国家基本养老保险个人账户养老金的给付,谋求参与国家基本养老保险个人账户养老基金的投资管理,充当企业年金基金的法人受托人、账户管理人、投资管理人,并致力于商业养老保险产品创新和市场拓展,致力于农村养老保险市场开拓。     

瑞典:全民养老金体系的典范

瑞典是世界上最早建立全民养老金体系的国家之一，一度被许多国家奉为学习的楷模。早在1913年，瑞典议会便通过了国民年金法案，规定对所有老人实行没有差别、一视同仁的养老金保证制度。1999年，瑞典实行养老金体制改革，建立了一套多层次、多支柱的养老保险模式，将担子分担在政府和企业身上，使老有所养建立在了一个更坚实的基础上。     

个人养老金发展的国际借鉴

<正>改革开放以来,经过多年建设和发展,我国已经初步建立起多支柱养老金体系。我国养老金体系与世界银行提出的三支柱结构在形式上具有相似性,但在具体内容上更具中国特色。第一支柱是政府主导的基本养老保险制度,包括城镇职工基本养老保险和城乡居民基本养老保险;第二支柱是单位主导的、具有补充性质的职业养老金制度,包括企业年金和职业年金;第三支柱是个人主导的、     

21世纪以来国际养老保险制度改革的政策取向及其借鉴意义——以智利的改革为例

随着全球人口老龄化趋势的日益明显,各国纷纷采取致力于完善其养老保险制度的改革措施.其中智利在上世纪80年代初期进行了完全市场改革后,又于本世纪初进行了以建立社会互济养老金为主要内容的多支柱改革作为对完全市场化改革的补充和完善措施.     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.