中国粮食生产的技术效率与全要素生产率增长：1978-2008

本文利用1978—2008年间我国30个省市区的面板数据,对改革开放以来我国粮食生产进行了随机前沿分析。以此为基础,对我国粮食生产技术效率进行了影响因素分析,并对粮食生产全要素生产率增长进行分解和趋势分析。结果表明,农业基础设施建设和制度因素是影响我国粮食生产技术效率的关键因素;我国粮食产量增长主要是由投入要素的增长拉动,31年间全要素生产率的平均增长率为1．17％,TFP对我国粮食产量的贡献很小,其原因在于技术进步与技术效率变化呈现相反趋势。2004年以来,技术效率提高的速度持续下降,技术进步逐渐成为TFP增长的主要动力。     

Human capital and growth in Japan: Converging to the steady state in a 1% world

Annual growth in GDP/adult in Japan has declined from over 10% in 1969 to an average of 1% since the financial crisis in 1991. I show that a dynamic Solow growth model, augmented with human capital, weekly hours worked, and oil prices, explains Japan’s annual growth rates from 1969 to 2007 as conditional convergence to a steady-state rate of 1%/year. Each year of average adult schooling attainment raised GDP/adult directly or indirectly by 20 percent, and weekly hours worked had an output elasticity of 0.5. The marginal product of schooling in 2005 is double the marginal product of physical capital.     

环境约束下中国区域工业技术效率与生产率及其影响因素实证研究

本文运用方向性距离函数和曼奎斯特-卢恩伯格指数方法测算了环境约束下中国1998--2007年各地区工业技术效率、全要素生产率指数和环境规制成本,并对影响技术效率和全要素生产率增长的因素进行了实证分析。结果显示：环境技术效率呈现东、中、西依次递减,并且技术效率越高的地区,环境管制成本越低;考虑环境因素后,中国各地区工业全要素生产率指数降低,主要是由技术进步推动;环境约束下工业全要素生产率东部最高,西部次之,中部最低;人均GRP、FDI、工业结构、能源结构、人口密度对技术效率和全要素生产率有不同程度的影响。     

我国东中西部高技术产业TFP比较分析

近10年来，我国高技术产业发展相当快，已成长壮大为国民经济重要的动力型先导产业。1995至2005年期间，我国高技术产业的增加值由1081亿元提高到8000亿元，高出规模以上工业2.7个百分点，对工业增长的贡献率达到13.2%，拉动工业增长约1.8个百分点，高技术产品出口额占全国外贸出口的比重达到28.6%。同时，高技术产品结构也进一步得到完善，正在向技术含量高、消费需求大的方向加速优化。总体来看，我国高技术产业继续保持了快速、健康、协调发展，对拉动国民经济增长、推动产业结构优化的作用日益明显。为了进一步弄清楚高技术产业的发展状况，本文着重从全要素生产率的角度，运用基于非参数的Malmquist指数方法和版面数据对我国三大区域进行了定量考察。通过对区域高技术产业发展差异分别从技术进步、技术效率和规模效率三个方面进行详细的描述，有针对性地提出相关对策建议，这对政府制定高技术产业发展政策、合理配置科技资源以及高技术企业的经营管理决策具有着重要的意义。     

Roots of growth and productivity change in Dutch shipping industry, 1500–1800

Shipping was one of the most dynamic industries of the pre industrial period. The article presents detailed estimates of the growth of output and inputs of the shipping industry in the Netherlands between 1500 and 1800. These are used to study the development of productivity in two ways: by comparing output with inputs (labour and capital), and by analysing the relationship between output prices and input prices. Both methods lead to different results, which we explain. It appears that productivity in this sector increased strongly between ca. 1550 and 1620 as a result of technological and institutional changes, such as the increased efficiency of the network of shipping routes. After 1620 labour productivity continued to increase because of factor substitution as wages increased much more than capital costs. The competitiveness of the Dutch shipping sector did not improve anymore after ca. 1650, however, which helps to explain why its rapid growth came to an end in the second half of the 17th century.     

Efficiency change and productivity growth in agriculture: A comparative analysis for selected East Asian economies

This study focuses on identifying the sources of agricultural growth for eight East Asian economies – with special emphasis on factors that can better explain different components of growth. The Malmquist productivity growth index and its two components are calculated and regressed on variables including the human capital endowment, domestic R&D, international spillovers, and country-specific farming characteristics to characterize the differential patterns of growth. Our empirical evidence suggests that domestic R&D and its interaction with human capital constitute the major determinant of individual economy's progress in agricultural technology, whereas the human capital endowment is crucial for the catching up effect. Furthermore, for foreign knowledge to contribute to productivity growth either through innovation or through catching up, the host economy has to develop a sufficient learning capacity from education. Countries that do not attempt to develop the learning capability to assimilate and exploit the freely available knowledge may not benefit from international spillovers of agricultural R&D.     

Interindustry effects of productivity growth in Japan: 1960–2000

Combining conventional sectoral growth accounting and the static open input–output price model, we analyze the sources of growth of product prices in Japan during the period 1960–2000. Using the input–output framework, we take into account not only the effects of factor costs and productivity within a sector, but also their impacts outside of the sector. We find that Japan's deflation in the 1990s was characterized by low growth of wage rates, low productivity growth, and a low rate of return on capital. Until 1990, productivity improvements compensated for factor cost pressures on output price, especially the rapid growth of labor cost. In contrast, during the 1990s, decreasing rates of return on capital, not productivity improvements, canceled out the inflationary effect of wage growth. J. Japanese Int. Economies 19 (4) (2005) 568–585.     

Efficiency and productivity growth in Chinese universities during the post-reform period

The social science research performance of Chinese universities is examined using panel data. The universities are found to be very inefficient in general, with not much difference between regions. By far the largest single cause of universities′ overall technical efficiency is pure technical efficiency, along with a considerable amount of scale inefficiency and a modest amount of congestion. No obvious regional differences in the universities′ productivity growth are apparent between 1998 and 2002. Decomposition of the Malmquist productivity index indicates that although there has been technological progress over the years, poor scale efficiency and technical efficiency have resulted in deterioration in the universities′ average productivity. There are signs of increasing congestion during the period studied.     

中国工业企业的增长动能、配置效率与经济利润

传统宏观经济增长的分解框架仅仅关注微观的技术进步效应和资源配置效应，无法识别要素层面的这两种效应以及两种要素的经济利润。为此，文章借助一个新的基于要素层面的全要素生产率增长分解框架，采用1998-2007年中国工业企业数据，对中国工业企业的增长动能、配置效率以及经济利润进行了分析。研究发现：（1）中国工业企业的生产率增长是其产出增长的主要推动力量，这个结论在不同所有制、不同产业以及不同地区均适用。中国工业企业正逐渐由劳动密集型向资本密集型和技术密集型转移。（2）企业自身技术进步对全要素生产率增长的增进效应贡献最大，企业之间的资源配置效率显著抑制了全要素生产率的提升，从抑制效应大小来看，其抑制作用抵消了企业技术进步的绝大部分。具体到资源配置效率程度大小来看，行业内部企业之间的资本配置效率年均恶化程度至少是劳动配置效率的两倍，而行业之间的资源配置效率对全要素生产率的影响微弱。（3）就要素获取的经济利润份额来看，资本占优，高达3.2%，资本利润是劳动利润的至少四倍，劳动利润的上升极为有限。民营企业、技术密集型企业以及中东部地区企业获取了更大的资本利润，而外资获得了更多的劳动利润，体现了外资进入中国的战略取向。东部获得了更多的利润说明其反哺中西部地区的必要性。     

Demographic change,human capital,and economic growth in Korea

We construct a measure of human capital using micro datasets on labor composition of age, gender, education, and wage rate and analyze its role in economic growth for the Korean economy. Over the past three decades, human capital has grown steadily at about 1% per year, contrasting to a continuously declining trend of total work-hours. This growth has been driven by the rise of better-educated baby-boom cohorts. A growth accounting exercise shows that human capital contributes significantly to economic growth; it accounted for 0.5% points of annual GDP growth over the period. Human capital is projected to remain a major growth factor over the next two decades as the increase in educational attainment continues. Increased employment rate of elderly or female workers reduces the aggregate human capital growth while increasing the available labor. Polices to improve human capital of female or elderly workers help to increase aggregate human capital growth.     

中国装备制造业全要素生产率增长的分解:1998-2009——基于省际面板数据的研究

本文采用超越对数的随机前沿生产函数和1998-2009年的省际面板数据,测算了中国各地区装备制造业的全要素生产率(TFP)增长率,并从技术进步、技术效率变化、规模效率变化、配置效率变化四个方面对中国装备制造业全要素生产率变化的特点进行了分析。经验结果表明,样本期间内,全国以及东、中、西部地区装备制造业的TFP都有所增长,其增速皆呈现出先增后减再增的趋势;TFP增长对全国装备制造业产出增长的贡献率相对较低,仅为0.117。对TFP增长的分解发现,技术进步已成为中国装备制造业TFP增长的主要源泉,配置效率和规模效率恶化则严重阻碍了中国装备制造业TFP水平的提高。分地区来看,中部地区的TFP增长率最高,东部次之,西部最低,这主要是由于西部地区装备制造业要素配置效率的下降最为严重,东部地区规模效率的下降最为严重。     

1993-2005年广东农业生产率的变动与分解——基于Malmquist生产率指数的实证分析

本文使用非参数的Malmquist生产率指数方法,对广东省1993—2005年间农业全要素生产率（TFP）的变动趋势进行了考察,并把TFP的增长构成分解为技术进步、纯技术效率变化、规模效率变化三个部分。结果表明：13年间广东全省农业TFP的增长主要是由技术进步推动的,纯技术效率和规模效率的下降对TFP的增长造成了不利影响;农业TFP增长的地区水平差异显著,而且增长的结构也有所不同。最后是相应的政策建议。     

Steam power, establishment size, and labor productivity growth in nineteenth century American manufacturing

We use establishment-level data from the 1850–1880 censuses of manufacturing to study the relationships among establishment size, steam power use, and labor productivity. Large establishments, measured here by employment, were much more likely to use steam power than smaller establishments. By 1880, slightly more than half of all manufacturing workers were employed in establishments using steam power, compared with 17 percent in 1850 and we show that, after controlling for various establishment characteristics, steam-powered establishments had higher labor productivity than establishments using other sources of power. Moreover, this productivity differential was increasing in establishment size.     

Analysis of regional productivity growth in China: A generalized metafrontier MPI approach

This paper analyzes the dynamics of China's productivity for the period 1996–2004 with a newly developed methodology — generalized metafrontier Malmquist productivity index (gMMPI). Implementing the gMMPI, this paper reviews the inequality of the coastal and non-coastal provinces, as well as the latent impact of scale efficiency change (SEC) for China. Using provincial data for the years 1996–2004, the empirical results are as follows. On average, China demonstrates an annual 3.191% productivity change, which is lower than 4.729% for the conventional MPI and accounts for about 26.508% of output growth over the period 1996–2004. Most of this change is propelled by technical progress, while a fraction is driven by the adjustment in production scale, and the efficiency change has an adverse effect. Furthermore, regional inequality is also found in this empirical work, and the productivity change of the coastal region is actually stronger than that of the non-coastal region. This paper also casts some focus on the China Western Development policy. Indeed, we do not find any outstanding achievement from the policy in the sample period, except that the west region sustained its rate of productivity change after 2000. Moreover, the SEC is found to be trivial in the advanced coastal region, but plays an important role in the relatively laggard non-coastal region. The implication of the positive SEC in the non-coastal region means that China's Western Development policy will improve the scale efficiency and the TFP growth of the west region.     

Human capital quality and the regional economic growth: Evidence from China

China's economic development has advanced from a high-speed to a high-quality growth stage in recent years. The optimization and upgrading of the economic structure require high-quality human capital to support an innovation-driven economy. In this paper, a general equilibrium model of human capital (Xiang & Yeaple, 2018) is applied to estimate the cognitive and non-cognitive productivities based on Chinese provincial-level macro-data and individual labor's micro-data from 2008 to 2017. The weighted power mean of cognitive and non-cognitive productivities helps calculate the provincial-level human capital quality index (HCQI), which provides a realistic estimate of human capital quality. We find that the improvement of the HCQI leads to convergence in economic growth in China's provinces. HCQI can help explain the differences in economic growth levels in different regions of China. Our study provides a constructive step in understanding cognitive and non-cognitive abilities and HCQI in China, which could help guide education investment policy in China and its provinces.     

我国制造业企业的成本效率研究

本文运用了2001与2004年度我国制造业上市公司数据,采取随机前沿技术的成本函数,对254家企业进行成本函数估计得出具体参数值,按平均值分别测算我国制造业上市企业的前沿成本、成本效率、技术效率、配置效率和规模经济性。通过实证考察,结论认为技术效率的相对缺乏,是制造业企业成本非效率的主要因素,且高成本组始终处于较低的效率水平;2004年总体样本显示成本效率主要得益于技术进步,但资源的有效配置不容忽视;此外,规模经济性随着产出规模增加而下降。我国制造业上市公司作为一股"先进生产力"的代表,其成本效率需要前沿技术长期的推进。     

The Role of the Efficiency Gap for Spillovers from FDI: Evidence from the UK Electronics and Engineering Sectors

This paper focuses on the role of the efficiency gap in determining whether or not domestic firms benefit from productivity spillovers from FDI. We use establishment level data for the period 1980–1992 for the UK. Given that there is substantial heterogeneity of productivity across sectors we focus on two manufacturing sectors in detail, namely, electronics and engineering. We allow for different effects of FDI on establishments located at different quantiles of the productivity distribution by using conditional quantile regression. Overall, while there is some heterogeneity in results across sectors and quantiles, our findings clearly suggest that the efficiency gap matters for productivity spillover benefits. We find evidence for a u-shaped relationship between productivity growth and FDI interacted with the efficiency gap. We also analyse in some detail the impact of changes in relative efficiency on establishments’ ability to benefit from spillovers.     

中国国有企业效率研究——基于全要素生产率增长及分解因素的分析

本文实证研究的结果发现,中国现阶段分行业国有企业的全要素生产率显著地高于外资企业和行业平均,这与先前文献所得到的国有企业效率低下的结论完全相反,对固有观念提出了挑战并为国有企业的效率及改革成就提供了证明。通过采用数据包络分析的Malmquist指数方法,对2003~2008年行业加总的国有企业实证核算了全要素生产率和分解,并与外资企业和行业平均进行比较,结果发现国有企业的全要素生产率具有绝对优势,但主要依赖于技术进步的贡献;国有企业的低效率主要体现在技术效率和规模效率较低。故而政策上应该进一步深化改革,完善国有企业的内部管理和激励,进一步提高技术效率。     

Sources of Chinese labor productivity growth: A structural decomposition analysis, 1987–2005

We decompose labor productivity growth from 1987 to 2005 by examining six partial factors (both supply and demand): changes in value-added coefficients, labor inputs, shares of sectoral demands that are fulfilled domestically, input mix, and the intra-sectoral shares and intersectoral mix of final demand. Our analysis confirms that simply by virtue of its size and extremely low level of labor productivity, China's farm sector continues to weigh heavily in China's overall economic advances. Labor savings have levied the largest influence on the labor productivity on all sectors across all three study subperiods. We find that this transition is highly correlated with capital deepening that accompanies China's opening up process. Still, changes in the intra-sectoral shares and the intersectoral mix of China's final demand also have become quite strong, especially in recent periods. Due to ever-increasing competitive pressures as China continues to open, changes in industries value-added coefficients have tended to counteract some of the positive benefits of labor savings for most sectors. The effects on changes in labor productivity of technology change and changes in the use of imports have been comparatively negligible and any variation in their sectoral effects have been waning over time.     

The productivity of public capital: Evidence from Japan’s 1994 electoral reform

This paper estimates the causal effect of public capital stock on Production, using Japanese prefectural data. We first articulate the difficulty of consistently estimating the regional-level production function with public capital that results from the endogeneity of the public capital stock amount. The public capital amount could be endogenous because of the central government’s political decision-making process of public capital allocation or the local government’s budgetary constraints.Japan’s electoral reform in 1994 offers an exogenous variation in the public capital investment across regions, and we exploit this event to estimate the causal effect of public capital on production. The reform drastically changed the distribution of political representation in the Lower House across regions, and it accordingly changed the allocation of public capital across regions as well. We cannot reject the null hypothesis that public capital is not productive based on the estimates from this natural experimental identification strategy.