Racial Discrimination in English football

This paper examines data on the racial composition and financial and sporting performance of professional English soccer teams between 1974 and 1993. In an earlier paper, Szymanski showed that teams with an above average proportion of black players would tend to perform better on average that would have been expected given the aggregate wage bills of these clubs. Since players are more or less freely traded in soccer this presents strong market‐based evidence of discrimination. In the present paper we explore the source of such discrimination. In particular we are concerned to test the hypothesis that discrimination is attributable to the fans rather than the owners. If fans were racially prejudiced then the owners of a team might expect to generate a smaller marginal revenue product from a black player compared to an equally skilled white player. We assess the presence of fan discrimination by examining relationships between attendance, revenues, performance and the proportion of black players in the team. We also incorporate evidence regarding statements of racial prejudice (from the British Social Attitudes Survey) in particular regions. We find little evidence that the discrimination against black players has its source in fan discrimination.     

Entry (and exit) in a differentiated industry

The entry process in an industry embodying more or less close substitutes is considered. One examines whether the increase in the number of substitutes induces pure competition when prices are chosen noncooperatively. It is shown that these exists an upper bound on the number of firms which can compete in the market: when this upperbound is reached, any further entry entails the exit of an existing firm. In sprite of this fact, new entries imply the decrease of prices to the competitive ones.     

Entry,exit and productivity growth: Spanish manufacturing during the eighties

This paper analyses the role played by both competitive pressure (increasing imports) and the restructuring of industries through entry and exit in productivity growth of Spanish manufacturing during the eighties, the key period of its accession to the EEC economy. A GMM panel estimation of the determinants of corrected Solow residual for 75 manufacturing during 1979-1990, shows that these forces accounted for 80% of productivity growth, playing an important role the displacement of inefficient firms by competitive entry.JEL Classification: D24, C33We are grateful to S. Bentolila, F. Bourguignon, T. Coelli, J. Dolado, A. de la Fuente, J. García, L. Rodríguez, J. Segura, X. Vives and an anonymous referee for useful comments on previous versions of this paper. All remaining errors are our own.     

Performance and revenue in professional league football: evidence from Granger causality tests

Using a dataset comprising annual performance (measured by final league position) and gate revenue for 77 Football League clubs which maintained unbroken league membership between 1946 and 1994, the relationship between performance and revenue is investigated using cointegration and causality tests. A cointegrating relationship between performance and revenue is established in only 10 cases out of 77, although it is argued that some caution is required in interpreting these results, due to the low power of the relevant tests in relatively small samples. In Granger causality tests, more evidence is found of causality running from lagged revenue to current performance than of causality in the opposite direction, while the dependence of performance on revenue seems to be greater for the smaller clubs than for the larger. These results lend empirical support to the popular view that, unless checked by mechanisms for revenue redistribution within the league, the natural tendency is for success to become concentrated increasingly among a small group of elite, wealthy clubs.     

Entry, exit, and imperfect competition in the long run

An infinite-horizon, stochastic model of entry and exit with sunk costs and imperfect competition is constructed. A subgame perfect Nash equilibrium for the general dynamic stochastic game is shown to exist as a limit of finite-horizon equilibria. This equilibrium has a relatively simple structure characterized by two numbers per finite history. Under very general conditions, it tends to exhibit excessive entry and insufficient exit relative to a social optimum.     

The determination of transfer fees in English nonleague football

In recent years a number of studies have analysed the player transfer market in English professional football. This paper examines whether similar factors operate to determine transfer fees in the semiprofessional, or nonleague, game. An empirical model of the nonleague player transfer market is developed in which observed transfer fees are determined by player characteristics, time effects, selling-club characteristics and buying-club characteristics. Using data on 114 transfer fees covering the period 1988 to 1997, we find evidence that the data generating process for transfer fees is broadly similar in both professional and nonleague football.     

Estimating the market value of collegiate football players from professional factor shares

Although the level and growth of revenue in college football has drawn increasing public attention, reliable estimates of the value of college and associated rents remain elusive. Many players do not have easily observable performance statistics and there are significant complementarities. Using a simple estimation strategy based on professional factor shares and rooted in economic theory, we generate estimates of market value for college players across seven National Collegiate Athletic Association conferences using professional football and basketball salaries from 2011 to 2013 as shadow prices. With this method, market value of an average starting football player in a Bowl Championship Series (BCS) conference ranges from $120,000 to $1.7 million per year. The value of superstar players may exceed $4 million per year. We find that rents can flow from the institutions to players in some cases at relatively low-revenue institutions outside the BCS.     

Entry and exit as a source of aggregate productivity growth in two alternative technological regimes

This paper proposes a neo-Schumpeterian model in order to discuss how the mechanisms of entry and exit contribute to industry productivity growth in alternative technological regimes. Our central hypothesis is that new firms generate gains in aggregate productivity by increasing both the productivity level and competition intensity. By assuming that firms learn about the relevant technology through a variety of sources, and by allowing a continuous flow of entry and exit into the market, our study shows that firm exit and output contraction take mostly place among less productive firms, while output expansion and entry are concentrated among the more efficient ones. The greater is the competitive pressure generated by new entrants, the higher is the expected productivity level of established firms. Overall, our analysis suggests that micro analysis is the proper complement to aggregate industry studies, as it provides a considerable insight into the causes of productivity growth.     

Entry into the electric power industry

Entry of new firms into the electric power industry is becoming commonplace. The entrants typically are unregulated firms that compete with regulated electric utilities only in the generation stage of the latter's vertically integrated structure. Because of the asymmetric regulatory treatment of the incumbents and entrants, there is the possibility of biases either against efficient entry or for inefficient entry. A model of a vertical integrated utility subject to rate-of-return regulation is used to illustrate the biases, and several implications for regulatory policy are discussed.     

The impact of personality traits on talents’ performance throughout development phases: empirical evidence from professional football

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses a critical gap in talent management research, i.e. the question of what determines high performance, by highlighting the importance of personality traits for the performance of talents who are trained within the strong situation of a pivotal talent pool – – the talent pool, of a German Bundesliga club. The findings illustrate the ubiquitous high level of certain personality traits among pivotal talents, their limited variance inter talent development phases as well as their significant impact on talent performance. As a complement to talents’ job-specific skill level, the personality facet of self-confidence is a consistent driver of overall performance, with resilience and job-specific creativity being essential in order to perform above peer-group level.     

Entry into a Foreign Market: Foreign Direct Investment versus Licensing

We compare foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology licensing as two modes of entry into a foreign market. While direct entry via FDI dissipates rents in the host country, opportunistic competition from a licensee may erode rents in the entrant's other markets. Since FDI increases competition in the host country while licensing stifles it. welfare is higher under FDI than under licensing.     

入世后我国旅游业的发展战略选择

本文联系我国旅游业的现状和“入世”基本承诺 ,分析了加入WTO给我国旅游业带来的机遇与挑战 ,并从旅游企业、旅游行业协会及政府管理部门三个角度提出面对WTO的战略选择。     

专业英语在高等职业教育中的作用

高等职业技术院校是培养我国专业技术人才的基础。高等职业教育中专业英语教育作为重要的课程,必须加强对其重视的程度。通过高等职业院校专业英语教育的不断加强,可以提高学生的英语实践水平,为后期的专业学习打下基础,为日后的文献检索、查询打下基础。     

加入WTO与中国农业对策

由于历史和现实原因，中国农产品的国际市场竞争力在总体上是处于劣势，但并非所有农产品都已失去比较优势，有些农产品的外贸优势正在加强。应当因势利导发挥比较优势，增强农产品的国际市场竞争力。加入WTO，必须扩大农产品市场的开放度，这是不言而喻的，但这并不意味着中国农产品市场会大门洞开。作为发展中国家的中国，可以利用WTO的规则，掌握农产品市场开放的主动权，把市场开放的风险降到最低限度。     

Efficiency measurement of the English football Premier League with a random frontier model

Using the random stochastic frontier model, this paper examines the technical efficiency of the English football Premier League from 1998/99 to 2003/04. The model disentangles homogenous and heterogeneous variables in the cost function, which leads us to advise the implementation of common policies as well as policies by clusters.     

入世后我国经济的安全问题

一、我国入世后面临的主要经济安全问题１．金融安全。从总体上看，我国的金融业起步较晚，基础薄弱，在技术水平、运营模式、风险防范能力等方面与发达国家相比，具有明显的劣势。入世后，中国金融市场进一步开放，国外金融企业凭借其资金实力、管理机制、技术服务、工作效率等方面的优势对我国的金融企业构成较大威胁。目前国有银行的转轨工作尚未最后完成，离真正的商业银行尚有很大距离；银行内部的稳定性仍很脆弱，风险指数一直居高不下；不良贷款率较高，不良资产风险直接影响着银行的正常运营。我国金融基础设施落后，在金融系统电子…     

不均衡的规则与不均衡的机会——对我国入世一年多来的思考

从辩证发展和世界历史的眼光来看 ,WTO规则是一个不均衡的规则 ,它主要表现为统一的基本原则与诸多的例外制度 ;世界各国和地区对既定协议在实际执行过程中的差异性 ;WTO规则在我国适用的时空差距 ;新一轮多边贸易谈判与既定协议之间的变化和发展。不均衡的规则必将提供和创造各种不均衡的机会 ,它主要表现为全局的机会和局部的机会 ;应对风险的机会和争取赢利的机会 ;改造基础的机会和整合创新的机会 ;深化改革的机会和加快发展的机会。     

关于我国“入世”后的困难与风险

中国加入世贸指日可待。中国“入世”是历史的必然,也是经济全球化趋势的要求,无论在国际上,还是在国内,都是重大事情,从而引起了国内外的强烈反应。“十五”期间,我国经济发展、结构调整、改革开放,都将受到“入世”的广泛和深刻的影响。关于加入世贸后给中国经济发展带来的可能机遇,我国理论界和实际工作部门均进行了广泛而深入的讨论,论证后得出的结论也广为人知,故不再赘述。鉴于国际变数难测,鉴于在“十五”期间我国经济面临的最大冲击和问题主要来自国际,这里我仅就中国加入世贸后可能遇到的困难和风险,谈一些看法。     

入世呼唤意识更新

加入世贸组织 ,是我国改革开放进程中具有历史意义的一件大事 ,要抓住机遇 ,迎接挑战 ,意识更新是我们面临的急需解决的问题。要更新与强化规则意识 ,树立主动进取意识 ,确立诚信意识 ,促进“引进来”、“走出去”大开放格局形成。     

加入WTO对我国会计服务业的影响

公共领域内由会计公司和注册会计师职业(以下简称CPA)提供的所有服务统称为会计服务。会计服务其范围在不断地扩大。但是总的来讲,可以分为两大类,即保证服务和非保证服务。我国加入世界贸易组织后,我国的会计服务业作为WTO《服务贸易总协定》(以下简称GATS)重要内容之一,其国