MEASURING ECONOMIC INSECURITY

We provide an axiomatic treatment of the measurement of economic insecurity, assuming that individual insecurity depends on the current wealth level and its variations experienced in the past. The first component plays the role of a buffer stock to rely on in case of an adverse future event. The second component determines the confidence an individual has on her ability to overcome a loss in the future. Two classes of linear measures are characterized with sets of plausible and intuitive axioms and, for each of these classes, an important subclass is identified.     

UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Review of Explaining Growth: A Global Research Perspective, edited by Gary McMahon and Lyn Squire and Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment: The Collected Essays of Robert J. Gordon by Robert J. Gordon     

经济全球化对中国经济增长的贡献分析

本文利用协整与误差修正模型探讨全球化经济活动与中国经济增长的关系。研究发现,全球化对中国的经济增长具有积极的促进作用,但国内投资仍然是我国经济增长主要的推动力。     

经济结构变化和经济增长

本文试图从生产技术角度构建一个多部门的经济增长模型,同时容纳Kuznets事实和Kaldor事实。模型经济由最终部门和多个中间部门组成,最终产品由各中间产品以CES函数形式生产。各中间部门的技术增长率不同,而这种差异引起经济结构变化,并导致中间产品的相对价格变化,进而决定各中间部门之间要素流动和产值相对份额变动。最终产品的技术增长率为各中间部门的技术增长率加权平均和,并随经济增长单方向变动,变动方向与中间产品之间的替代弹性大小相关。     

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Recent contributions by Brookes (1990), Saunders (1992), and Inhaber and Saunders (1994) argue that cost-effective improvements in energy efficiency may, in the long run, lead energy use to grow more rapidly than it would in a world of fixed technologies. Since efficiency improvements may be viewed as a form of technological change that both reduces the effective cost of energy services and stimulates economic activity, energy demand may, under some circumstances, rise even as energy productivity improves. This paper examines this hypothesis using a simple model that distinguishes the roles of energy and energy services in production activities. In this model, improved energy efficiency can-not give rise to increased energy use unless: (i) energy costs dominate the total cost of energy services and (ii) expenditures on energy services constitute a large share of economic activity. Since neither of these assumptions is empirically plausible, the paper concludes that energy efficiency improvements will yield long-run reductions in energy use under the assumptions of the model.     

INSTITUTIONAL TRAPS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

This article's point of departure is that low-quality institutions, concentration of political power and material wealth, and underdevelopment are persistent over time. Its analytical model views an equal distribution of political power as a commitment device to enhance institutional quality, thereby promoting growth. The politically powerful coalition contemplates relinquishing of its power through democratization, weighing this advantageous consequence against the limit on own appropriative ability that it entails. The possibility of two developmental paths is exhibited: with concentration of political and economic power, low-quality institutions, and slow growth; and a more equal distribution of political and economic resources, high-quality institutions, and faster growth.     

企业家合约与经济增长

基于奥地利学派关于市场过程是一个"企业家生成过程"的理念,本文将企业家生成于市场过程的问题与企业家合约的缔结和执行问题联系了起来,采用数理分析的方法模型化了联体企业家合约的生成过程,并从企业家合约的生成中推出了经济增长的数理表达式。就企业家合约生成而言,创意者和经营者的结合形成一个联体企业家,创意者对剩余索取权的最优要求随自己对经营者才干的预期以及对经营者的监管效率的增加而提高,经营者、投资者对其资产(才干、财富)报酬的要求与信息对称程度、失败残值大小呈反向关系,而与资产价格指数呈正向关系。经济增长速度和创意价值、激励效率和社会诚信等因素呈现正向关系,而与资产价格呈反向关系。     

FOREIGN CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

This paper examines the economic implications of institutional arrangements by which foreign investors are required to reinvest a certain percentage of their capital within the host country. Our analysis shows that foreign capital inflow can produce long-lasting economic benefits to the host country only when the foreign capital reinvestment rate is sufficiently greater than the host country's saving rate. In this case, the economy evolves into a unique steady state equilibrium, which is also asymptotically stable. The paper also presents several comparative static results regarding the responses of steady state capital-labour ratio and the proportion of foreign capital in total capital to changes in the population growth rate, the rate of capital depreciation, the host country's saving rate and the foreign capital reinvestment rate.     

多因素作用下的中国经济增长

在经济周期、产业升级、国际环境和宏观政策等多因素的作用下,今年以来的中国经济运行态势良好。估计全年经济增长相对平稳,GDP年增长率将在 7.4%～7.6%之间,不大可能出现 8%以上的经济高涨,国民经济将出现少有的“一”字形运行轨迹。而要保持目前经济增长的良好势头,体制改革和政策应对至关重要。     

经济结构变化与经济增长

卡尔多事实描述的是发达工业化经济在短期内的现象,如果我们考虑欠发达国家,或者考虑工业化早期,卡尔多事实所反映的规律就会消失.一般而言,人均产出增长率与人均产出水平两者之间表现出非线性的驼峰形(hump-shaped)关系.该文认为,这种关系是由于经济内部结构的变化(即农业、制造业和服务业的相对比重变化)以及城乡劳动力转移和城市化引起的.进一步,该文提出了两种相互竞争的模型,一种认为经济增长由工业部门驱动,另一种则认为城市化是经济增长的动力.两种模型都与经济结构变化和经济增长的主要特征吻合,至于哪一个模型能更好地反映经济现实,则还需要进一步验证.     

经济结构变化与经济增长

卡尔多事实描述的是发达工业化经济在短期内的现象,如果我们考虑欠发达国家,或者考虑工业化早期,卡尔多事实所反映的规律就会消失。一般而言,人均产出增长率与人均产出水平两者之间表现出非线性的驼峰形(hump-shaped)关系。本文认为,这种关系是由于经济内部结构的变化(即农业、制造业和服务业的相对比重变化)以及城乡劳动力转移和城市化引起的。进一步,本文提出了两种相互竞争的模型,一种认为经济增长由工业部门驱动,另一种则认为城市化是经济增长的动力。两种模型都与经济结构变化和经济增长的主要特征吻合,至于哪一个模型能更好地反映经济现实,则还需要进一步验证。     

我国经济系统的结构因素与 经济增长的结构依赖

本文在运用系统工程原理分析各种结构的相互联系和作用关系的基础上,根据Cobb Douglas生产函数构建经济增长的结构依赖模型,并以我国各省市(区)作为实证对象,分析了2006年、2009年以及两阶段过程中各主要结构因素与我国经济增长关联关系,揭示了中国经济增长过程对各结构的依赖性。研究结果表明,产业结构、国内生产总值结构和国内生产总值项目结构是我国经济系统中的主要结构因素;我国当前产业结构没有对经济增长起到支撑作用,必须继续推进产业结构升级;提高消费率、劳动报酬率在促进产业结构优化同时,对我国经济增长有显著的促进作用;加强我国第三产业投资力度,能够促进经济增长;我国调结构的宏观政策初见成效。     

宏观调控状态下的中国经济增长

经济景气、新的居民需求、国有企业改造、积极财政政策效应及各地发展当地经济的积极性,是促使本轮固定资产投资激增的主要原因。对中国经济增长来说,总需求上的结构性失衡比总量不足具有更大的危害。但也应该看到,此次固定资产投资的较快增长,和20世纪80年代和90年代有较大的不同,应采取针对性的对策,在保持经济可持续增长的情况下,对最终需求结构进行调整。     

外国直接投资与经济增长的关系及影响

从中国和其他23个发展中国家总量时间序列资料的分析中可以看出,国内生产总值与外国直接投资之间存在着相互影响、相互促进的互动关系。除经济因素以外,稳定可靠的组织机构和城市化的发展在吸引外国直接投资方面发挥着相当重要的作用,它们是促进经济增长的重要因素。