美元汇率对美国进出口商品价格传递率的实证分析

本文实证分析了美元汇率按美国总进出口价格、分段进出口价格、分类商品进出口价格的传递率。实证结果表明,无论美元升值还是贬值,美国的进出口价格指数都会下降,而且美国出口价格的传递率比同期进口价格的传递率要小得多,升值期的传递率也比贬值期的传递率要小;美元升值比贬值对美国经常账户赤字的纠正更有利。因此,建议美国实行美元适度升值的政策,而且要结合其他政策才能改善其巨额经常账户赤字。     

Exchange rate pass-through and rivalry in the Swiss automobile market

Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Rivalry in the Swiss Automobile Market. —This paper investigates the pricing rivalry among foreign automobile producers in the Swiss market. The main results from the dynamic analysis of two categories of automobiles between 1977 and 1991 are: First, the degree of exchange rate pass-through differs among source-countries despite the absence of quantitative restrictions on imports and of domestic production facilities. However, for some countries, pricing strategies show remarkable consistency across product categories and time spans. Second, the degree of exchange rate pass-through is low, especially in the market for small-size automobiles. Third, this low degree of pass-through may be attributed to a low degree of competition among foreign sellers.     

Exchange rate pass-through: evidence from the Syrian economy

This paper studies the exchange rate pass-through in the Syrian economy over the period 1990Q1-2009Q4. To this end it constructs a cost of imports indicator which is used in an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The findings point to a high and fast exchange rate pass-through effect. As a consequence, Syrian macro-economic performance is very sensitive to international price evolutions as well as depreciations of the Syrian Pound.     

Dutch Disease Scare in Kazakhstan: Is it real?

In this paper we explore the evidence that would establish that Dutch disease is at work in, or poses a threat to, the Kazakh economy. Assessing the mechanism by which fluctuations in the price of oil can damage non-oil manufacturing—and thus long-term growth prospects in an economy that relies heavily on oil production—we find that non-oil manufacturing has so far been spared the perverse effects of oil price increases from 1996 to 2005. The real exchange rate in the open sector has appreciated over the last couple of years, largely due to the appreciation of the nominal exchange rate. We analyze to what extent this appreciation is linked to movements in oil prices and oil revenues. Econometric evidence from the monetary model of the exchange rate and a variety of real exchange rate models show that the rise in the price of oil and in oil revenues might be linked to an appreciation of the U.S. dollar exchange rate of the oil and non-oil sectors. But appreciation is mainly limited to the real effective exchange rate for oil sector and is statistically insignificant for non-oil manufacturing.

U.S. inflation and the import demand of Ghana and Nigeria, 1967–1976

Conclusion Even though our empirical findings have shown that the sensitivity of the U.S. import demand of Ghana and Nigeria to the U.S. inflation rate is significant, especially in the case of Ghana, the effect of the inflation rate on imports is considerably understated. This understatement in the case of an LDC, unlike the MDCs, is due to statistical, political, and economic reasons. We may be tempted to suggest that if imports from tied aid are netted out, the degree of downward bias would be the same for the LDCs and MDCs. But this would be incorrect since the initial imports give rise to more imports over the years. For example, agricultural machinery purchased with tied aid will give rise to the importation of spare parts, etc., over the years. Hence this is not a simple once-and-for-all phenomenon. Inflation in a more developed country (MDC), such as the United States, may therefore have a greater inimical impact on the welfare of an LDC. This impact may be reduced considerably if the LDC can rescue the element of market choice in its spending of loans and grants from the MDCs. The large increases in oil prices since 1973 have enhanced the wealth of Nigeria immensely and partly cushioned the impact of U.S. inflation on this country. However, the lower elasticities shown in the case of Ghana indicate that the inflation may have had a greater detrimental effect on its welfare. For even though inflation had a significant effect on its import demand, the recorded elasticity is much less than unity even after an upward adjustment. The greater the inelasticity of import demand the more the country is bled of its reserves during a period of rapid inflation in a trading partner like the United States.     

Prices,output and the trade balance in Iran

This paper analyses the impact of the rise in oil prices on domestic inflation, the trade balance, and output growth in Iran for the period 1960–1977. A macro framework is developed in which the domestic spending of oil revenues results in higher output, inflation and imports. Our results indicate that, although the overall growth remained high, the rapid increase in oil revenues in 1973–1974 was mainly reflected in higher inflation and higher imports. In the absence of any exchange rate adjustment, there was a sharp deterioration in the competitive position of the non-oil traded sector.     

The complementarity between U.S. foreign direct investment stock and trade

Within a gravity model framework, this paper will establish that trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) are complementary, using trade and FDI stock data on a bilateral basis between the U.S. and 51 other countries over the period 1982 to 1994. U.S. outward FDI is found to have a larger predicted impact on U.S. exports than does inward FDI. On the other hand, inward FDI is found to have a larger predicted impact on U.S. imports than does U.S. outward FDI. These results are directly linked to patterns of intrafirm trade within the multinational enterprise (MNE), a result consistent with the transactions cost theory of MNEs. In addition, a sectoral analysis indicates that U.S. outward FDI in manufacturing has a large predicted impact on both exports and imports, whereas U.S. outward FDI in services has a large predicted impact on U.S. exports but little or no predicted impact on imports. Detailed comments and suggestions were provided by Joe Daniels, Albert Berry, and seminar participants at the University of Toronto, York University, Industry Canada, and the 1999 annual Canadian Economics Association meeting. Research assistance was provided by George Georgopoulos and Anthony Yao. The authors are responsible for any remaining errors.     

国内价格的汇率传递性——基于VAR模型的实证研究

本文利用VAR模型研究了我国国内价格的汇率传递性。VAR模型的脉冲反应函数显示,存在人民币汇率对国内价格的不完全传递性,但是,传递弹性极低,进口价格指数的汇率传递弹性要强于消费价格指数的汇率传递弹性,且进口价格指数向消费价格指数传导逐渐衰减。因此,通过汇率升值来抑制通胀效果并不理想,从紧的货币政策才是医治通胀的良药。     

Tariff and exchange rate pass-through for Chinese exports: A firm-level analysis across customs regimes

We examine whether a firm's import content share differentially affects the degree of tariff and exchange rate pass-through into its export prices. Our pricing-to-market model suggests that a firm's import content share negatively affects the degree of exchange rate pass-through but does not affect the degree of tariff pass-through. Using firm-level data for Chinese exporting firms during the period 2000–2006, we find evidence of an almost complete exchange rate pass-through. As expected, when we distinguish firms by their trade regime, processing-trade firms, especially pure-assembly firms which tend to have higher import-content share, have a lower exchange rate pass-through than ordinary trade firms. We find no evidence that the tariff pass-through differs across the various trade regimes.     

汇率变动对我国进口产品价格的传递效应——基于细分商品层面的分析

本文在汇率价格传递理论分析的基础上,采用自回归分布滞后模型在细分商品层面就人民币汇率变动对进口商品价格的传递进行了研究。研究发现,汇率传递的大小在我国不同行业的不同商品间有较大差异,我国进口商品价格存在不完全传递现象,甚至部分商品存在逆传递。对于原材料类产品,汇率对价格的影响是相当迅速的,随着深加工的进行影响会出现时滞。     

Exchange Rate Pass-through in a Small Open Economy: the Importance of the Distribution Sector

The degree of exchange rate pass-through to domestic goods prices has important implications for monetary policy in small open economies with floating exchange rates. Evidence indicates that pass-through is faster to import prices than to consumer prices. Price setting behaviour in the distribution sector is suggested as one important explanation. If distribution costs and trade margins are important price components of imported consumer goods, adjustment of import prices and consumer prices to exchange rate movements may differ. We present evidence on these issues for Norway by estimating a cointegrated VAR model for the pricing behaviour in the distribution sector, paying particular attention to exchange rate channels likely to operate through trade margins. Embedding this model into a large scale macroeconometric model of the Norwegian economy, which inter alia includes the pricing-to-market hypothesis and price-wage and wage-wage spirals between industries, we find exchange rate pass-through to be quite rapid to import prices and fairly slow to consumer prices. We show the importance of the pricing behaviour in the distribution sector in that trade margins act as cushions to exchange rate fluctuations, thereby delaying pass-through significantly to consumer prices. A forecasting exercise demonstrates that exchange rate pass-through to trade margins has not changed in the wake of the financial crises and the switch to inflation targeting. We also find significant inflationary effects of exchange rate changes even in the short run, an insight important for inflation targeting central banks.     

A regime-switching analysis of pass-through

We empirically investigate how various economic factors affect the changes in the pricing policies of exporters, in particular changes in the exchange rate pass-through. Assuming exporters set prices following either a high or a low pass-through pricing policy, and assuming that the transition probabilities between these pricing policies depend on market concentration, exporting country??s market share and monetary stability, we estimate a Markov regime-switching model, using data we have collected on imported cars to the United States. Our findings show that the ??low pass-through?? regime is characterized by: lower exchange rate pass-through, low response to misalignments in the firm??s relative price, low volatility of exogenous shocks, and higher duration. When we decompose the changes in the pass-through in our sample, we find that monetary stability has been the most important factor behind the decline in the pass-through. Monetary stability explains more than 50% of the decline in the exchange rate pass-through, while country market share and market concentration explain about 25 and 10%, respectively.     

金融危机对日本进口汇率传导弹性的影响分析

本文通过对金融危机后的日本进口汇率弹性进行实证研究,结果表明大部分行业的进口汇率传导弹性出现了明显的上升,而机械类行业(一般机械、运输设备和精密仪器)则出现了下降,并且这些变化是在短时间内实现的。本文认为此次金融危机和日元汇率变化特征是汇率弹性急剧变化的原因,而需求价格弹性和企业内贸易的行业差别可能是导致汇率弹性变化方向不一致的根源。     

人民币汇率的价格传递效应研究

本文通过建立SVAR（Structure Vector Auto Regression）模型,实证研究了人民币名义有效汇率对国内进口价格、生产者价格和消费者价格的传递效应并分析了全球金融危机的爆发对汇率价格传递效应的影响。结果显示：①人民币名义有效汇率对三类价格的传递是不完全的且存在一定的时滞,在长期内,1个百分点的正...     

美国国会关于货币立法违反WTO规则

人民币汇率问题,已成为当前中美贸易中的一个非常突出的问题。近几年来,美国国会内的一些人多次以中国操纵货币、中国汇率制度违反1974年美国贸易法301条款为由,向美国贸易代表提出调查申请,遭到拒绝,后又在国会内一次次提出有关货币的立法提案,在2007年就出现了多个较为正式的提案。本文以WTO规则和国际货币基金协定为依据,分析美国国会有关货币的立法提案的背景、性质、地位和作用,结合中美贸易的实践,特别是近几年来有关人民币汇率争端,指出美国国会有关货币的立法提案的实质,提出相应的一些观点和建议。     

全球化背景下的美国纺织服装产业与进口产品:竞争还是合作?

传统观点将进口产品的涌入单纯视为美国纺织服装产业生存和发展的负面冲击因素。然而,全球化背景下,美国纺织服装产业事实上实施了多项产业转型策略,产业运行与进口产品之间的关系也随之发生了较大变化。本文首先从理论角度对转型后的美国纺织服装产业与进口产品之间的关系进行了系统分析。研究发现,由于产业自身特点和美国特定的生产要素禀赋,美国纺织产业和服装产业选择了截然不同的转型路径,转型后的美国纺织产业与进口产品依然偏向竞争性关系,美国服装产业与进口产品则形成了合作性关系。     

Factor adjustment implications of a free trade agreement between the United States and Thailand

Changes in intra-industry specialization indicators are used to assess factor adjustment pressures that may be experienced by U.S. and Thai industries from a proposed U.S.–Thailand Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Many industries experienced large increases in intra-industry trade over the 2000–2008 period. Ten U.S. industries are found to be candidates for factor adjustment pressures based on past experiences. These industries account for 38% of all U.S. imports from Thailand and 4% of imports from all trading partners. Results also show that nine Thai industries face possible adjustment pressures. These industries account for 9% of Thai imports from the United States. An FTA should result in a larger increase in U.S. exports to Thailand than U.S. imports from Thailand because Thai exporters face much lower tariffs in the U.S. market than do U.S. exporters in the Thai market.     

汇率传导、人民币升值与通货膨胀的关联度

经济开放度在汇率传导过程中起着重要作用,考虑经济开放度后,汇率调整对国内通货膨胀的影响显著增强。研究表明,进口依存度与汇率传导效应正相关,金融开放度与汇率传导效应负相关。通过构建模型,进行实证分析,结果显示,我国的原材料购进价格指数、生产者价格指数和居民消费价格指数与进口依存度、金融开放度和人民币汇率波动关系密切。在现阶段的宏观经济形势下,人民币合理适度的升值有助于缓解国内的通货膨胀压力,促进我国经济内外部均衡发展。     

The trade balance effects of U.S. foreign direct investment in Mexico

This paper examines the effect of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico on U.S. exports to and imports from Mexico. The rise of intrafirm exports and imports following U.S. FDI in Mexico suggests that FDI affects trade flows. Empirical estimation proceeds with tests for stationarity and cointegration. The finding of cointegration among the variables leads to estimation of the hypothesized relationships with a vector error-correction model. Impulse response functions and variance decomposition reveal that FDI leads to increased exports and imports during the time period considered.     

人民币汇率变动与出口价格:一个分析框架与实证检验

汇率在维持一国经济内部平衡和外部平衡时起着至关重要的作用,是开放经济环境下的核心工具变量。本文在现有研究的基础上,基于不完全竞争市场结构建立了一个适合于我国汇率传递研究的分析框架,并将其应用于我国商品出口价格汇率传递的实证检验。细分行业的实证研究表明,我国商品出口价格存在不完全汇率传递现象,而且不同商品分类之间的汇率传递程度存在较大差异。